• Automation
• AI and Computerisation
• AI and Counselling
• AI and Education
• AI and Finance
• AI and Healthcare
• AI and Journalism
• AI and Law
• AI and Management
• AI and Medicine
• AI and Science
• AI in Service Industries
• Algocracy
• Algorithms
• Automation Hype
• Digital Labour
• Digital Taylorism
• Ethics of AI
• Floridi
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Politics of AI
• Robots
• Second Machine Age
• Self-Driving Cars
• Technological Anxiety
• Technological Unemployment
• Translation Work
• Warehouse Work

References for Theme: Automation

• Aaron, Bastani
• Fully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto (2019)

• Abe, Ethel Ndidiamaka; Abe, Isaac Idowu; Adisa, Olalekan
• "Future of Work: Skill Obsolescence, Acquisition of New Skills, and Upskilling in the 4IR" (2021)

• Abel, Hendrik; Kleipaß, Ulrich
• "Moving the AI needle" (2020)

• Abuselidze, G; Mamaladze, L
• "The impact of artificial intelligence on employment before and during pandemic: A comparative analysis" (2021)

• Acemoglu, D
• "Why do new technologies complement skills? Directed technical change and wage inequality" (1998)

• Acemoglu, D; Restrepo, P
• "The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment" (2018)

• "Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor" (2019)

• Acemoglu, Daron
• "Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market" (2002)

• Redesigning AI (2021)

• Acemoglu, Daron; Aghion, Philippe; Bursztyn, Leonardo; Hemous, David
• "The Environment and Directed Technical Change" (2012)

• Acemoglu, Daron; Lelarge, Claire; Restrepo, Pascual
• "Competing with Robots: Firm-Level Evidence from France" (2020)

  (p.2) Automation substitutes capital for tasks previously performed by labor, reducing the labor share of value added and increasing value added per worker in the process. While the higher productivity from automation tends to increase labor demand, its displacement effect may outweigh this positive impact and may lead to an overall decline in employment and wages. Acemoglu and Restrepo estimate negative effects from the introduction of one of the leading examples of automation technology, industrial robots, across US local labor markets, suggesting that the displacement effects could be significantly larger than the productivity effect. Firm-level evidence is useful as well for...

• "Competing with Robots: Firm-Level Evidence from France" (2020)

• Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
• "Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work" (2018)

• "Demographics and Automation" (2018)

  (p.1) In this paper, we advance the hypothesis that cross-country differences in automation are at least in part explained by differential demographic trends, and emphasize the productivity implications of automation induced by demographics. Focusing on robotics where we have access to comparable data, the United States, and to some degree the United Kingdom, are lagging behind in robotics because they are not aging as rapidly as Germany, Japan and South Korea. This is not because of differential demand for robots and automation in the service sector in countries undergoing rapid aging—our focus is on the manufacturing sector. Rather, we document that...

• "Demographics and Automation" (2018)

  (p.32) Many economists see these demographic changes as major “headwinds” potentially slowing down or even depressing economic growth in the decades to come. However, a reasoning based on directed technological change models—which highlight the effects of changing scarcity of different types of labor on the adoption and development of technologies substituting for these factors—suggests that these demographic changes should be associated with major technological responses.

• "Demographics and Automation" (2018)

• "The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment" (2018)

  (p.3) Automation allows firms to substitute capital for tasks previously performed by labor, while the creation of new tasks enables the replacement of old tasks by new variants in which labor has a higher productivity.

• "The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment" (2018)

• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

  (p.10) [C]ontrary to a common presumption in popular debates, it is not the “brilliant” automation technologies that threaten employment and wages, but “so-so technologies” that generate small productivity improvements. This is because the positive productivity effect of so-so technologies is not sufficient to offset the decline in labor demand due to displacement. 

• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

  (p.4) The history of technology is not only about the displacement of human labor by automation technologies. If it were, we would be confined to a shrinking set of old tasks and jobs, with a steadily declining labor share in national income. Instead, the displacement effect of automation has been counterbalanced by technologies that create new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. Such new tasks generate not only a positive productivity effect, but also a reinstatement effect—they reinstate labor into a broader range of tasks and thus change the task content of production in favor of labor. The reinstatement effect is the polaropposite of the...

• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

• "Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets" (2020)

• Adams-Prassl, Jeremias
• "What if your boss was an algorithm? Economic Incentives, Legal Challenges, and the Rise of Artificial Intelligence at Work" (2019)

• Aghion, Philippe; Antonin, Céline; Bunel, Simon
• "Artificial intelligence, growth and employment: The role of policy" (2020)

• Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua S; Goldfarb, Avi
• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

  (p.34) Overall, we cannot assess the net effect of artificial intelligence on labor as a whole, even in the short run. Instead, most applications of artificial intelligence have multiple forces that impact jobs, both increasing and decreasing the demand for labor. The net effect is an empirical question and will vary across applications and industries. 

• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

  (p.47) For any given worker, a key predictor of whether artificial intelligence will substitute for their job is the degree to which the core skill they bring to the job involves prediction. Transcription jobs are being automated as the core skill of that labor is predicting which words to type upon hearing a recording. For London taxi drivers, when artificial intelligence was employed to predict the optimal route through the city’s streets, their jobs were put at risk (though other drivers’ labor became augmented). Artificial intelligence does not fit easily into existing analyses of the effect of automation on labor markets....

• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

• Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua; Goldfarb, Avi
• "The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence" (2016)

• Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence (2018)

• "Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• The Economics of Artificial Intelligence (2019)

• Ajunwa, Ifeoma; Crawford, Kate; Schultz, Jason
• "Limitless Worker Surveillance" (2016)

• Albayrak, S; Krallmann, H
• "Distributed Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing Control" (1995)

• Aloisi, Antonio; Gramano, Elena
• "Artificial intelligence is watching you at work: digital surveillance, employee monitoring, and regulatory issues in the EU Context" (2019)

  (p.102) Technological advances ensure frictionless, accessible, and convenient information exchanges. More importantly, these devices are likely to deeply alter the relationship between employers and employees (or between clients and workers), given that hyperconnected equipment is responsible for a significant transformation of how work is rendered, both at the individual and the collective level.

• "Artificial intelligence is watching you at work: digital surveillance, employee monitoring, and regulatory issues in the EU Context" (2019)

  (p.112) By reason of the AI’s characteristics, it is indeed in this context that its greatest potential is to be found and regulated accordingly. Serving as an impressive preliminary “experiment,” the various experiences with gig platforms have lifted the veil momentarily by illustrating the harsh conditions of workers dispatched, organized, and controlled by algorithm‑based decision‑making processes. Needless to say, opaque and insidious systems of both e-screening and performance appraisal are already in place “across a range of industries to manage wage‑setting,” in combination with the allocation of hours, and evaluation metrics related to hiring, promotions, and firing. Despite the collective attempts to decipher...

• "Artificial intelligence is watching you at work: digital surveillance, employee monitoring, and regulatory issues in the EU Context" (2019)

• Aloisi, Antonio; Stefano, Valerio
• "Regulation and the future of work: The employment relationship as an innovation facilitator" (2020)

• Alonso, Cristian; Berg, Andrew; Kothari, Siddharth; Papageorgiou, Chris; Rehman, Sidra
• "Will the AI revolution cause a great divergence?" (2020)

• Altenried, Moritz
• "The platform as factory: Crowdwork and the hidden labour behind artificial intelligence {p.146]" (2020)

  Crowdworkers form a growing component of the digital working class as well as the political economy of the Internet more generally, filling in where software fails to find solutions. Working from their personal computers, they constitute a hyperflexible, on-demand workforce which can be accessed and let go in seconds. Many of them sweat over minor tasks which are not (yet) computable by machines but can be solved by a distributed mass of human cognition organised by algorithmic infrastructures. In this function, crowdwork is a crucial, if seldom discussed component in the development, training and support of artificial intelligence.

• "The platform as factory: Crowdwork and the hidden labour behind artificial intelligence" (2020)

• "The platform as factory: Crowdwork and the hidden labour behind artificial intelligence" (2020)

• Aneesh, A
• "Global Labor: Algocratic Modes of Organization" (2009)

• Argall, Brenna D; Chernova, Sonia; Veloso, Manuela; Browning, Brett
• "A Survey of Robot Learning from Demonstration" (2009)

• Arntz, Melanie; Gregory, Terry; Zierahn, Ulrich
• "The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries" (2016)

• Arogyaswamy, Bernard
• "Big tech and societal sustainability: an ethical framework" (2020)

• Aronowitz, Stanley; DiFazio, William
• "The jobless future" (2017)

• Aronowitz, Stanley; Jonathan, Cutler
• Post-work: The Wages of Cybernation (1998)

  Includes bibliographical references and index

• Autor, D; Salomons, A
• "Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share" (2018)

  (p.4) Whether technological progress ultimately proves employment- or labor-share-displacing depends proximately on two factors: how technological innovations shape employment and labor’s share of value-added directly in the industries where they occur; and how these direct effects are augmented or offset by employment and labor-share changes elsewhere in the economy that are indirectly spurred by these same technological forces. The first of these phenomena—the direct effect of technological progress on employment and labor-share in the specific settings in which it occurs—is often readily observable, and we suspect that observationof these direct labor-displacing effects shapes theoretical and empirical study of the aggregate impact of technological progress. The indirect effects of...

• "Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share" (2018)

• Autor, David
• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

  (p.26) Major newspaper stories offer fresh examples daily of technologies that substitute for human labor in an expanding—although still circumscribed—set of tasks. The offsetting effects of complementarities and rising demand in other areas are, however, far harder to identify as they occur. My own prediction is that employment polarization will not continue indefinitely (as argued in Autor 2013). While some of the tasks in many current middle-skill jobs are susceptible to automation, many middle-skill jobs will continue to demand a mixture of tasks from across the skill spectrum. For example, medical support occupations—radiology technicians, phlebotomists, nurse technicians, and others—are a significant and rapidly growing category of relatively...

• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

  (p.6) Given that these technologies demonstrably succeed in their labor saving objective and, moreover, that we invent many more labor-saving technologies all the time, should we not be somewhat surprised that technological change hasn’t already wiped out employment for the vast majority of workers? Why doesn’t automation necessarily reduce aggregate employment, even as it demonstrably reduces labor requirements per unit of output produced? These questions underline an economic reality that is as fundamental as it is overlooked: tasks that cannot be substituted by automation are generally complemented by it. Most work processes draw upon a multifaceted set of inputs: labor and...

• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

• Autor, David H
• "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation" (2015)

• Autor, David H; Levy, Frank; Murnane, Richard J
• "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration" (2003)

• Baik, Jaiwook
• "AI Techniques for Prognostics and Health Management" (2019)

• Baldwin, Carliss Y; Woodard, C Jason
• "The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View" (2009)

• Bankins, Sarah; Formosa, Paul
• "Ethical AI at work: The social contract for artificial intelligence and its implications for the workplace psychological contract" (2021)

• "The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work" (2023)

• Barbieri, Laura; Mussida, Chiara; Piva, Mariacristina; Vivarelli, Marco
• "Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues" (2019)

  (p.2) The fear of technological unemployment has been accompanying the great innovative waves. However, in the history of humanity, periods of intensive automation have often coincided with the emergence of new jobs, tasks, activities and industries. Indeed, the challenging question is related to the overall sign of the relationship between technological change and labor: is technology labor-friendly or is it labor-threatening?

• "Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues" (2019)

• "Testing the Employment and Skill Impact of New Technologies" (2020)

• Basso, Henrique S; Jimeno, Juan F
• "From secular stagnation to robocalypse? Implications of demographic and technological changes" (2021)

• Bastani, Aaron
• "We don’t need more austerity, we need luxury communism" (2015)

• Battistoni, Alyssa
• "The False Promise of Universal Basic Income" (2017)

  (p.51) The unequal society that futurists fear wouldn’t come about because the robots arrived—it would be because so few people owned them.

• "The False Promise of Universal Basic Income" (2017)

  (p.59) the problem with basic income is that it tends to be read as an idea without an ideology

• "The False Promise of Universal Basic Income" (2017)

• Baum, Seth D
• "The Social Science of Computerized Brains--Review of The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life When Robots Rule the Earth by Robin Hanson (Oxford University Press, 2016)" (2017)

• Bearson, Dafna; Kenney, Martin; Zysman, John
• "Measuring the Impacts of Labor in the Platform Economy: New Work Created, Old Work Reorganized, and Value Creation Reconfigured" (2019)

• Beer, David
• "The social power of algorithms" (2017)

• Benanav, A
• "A World Without Work?" (2020)

  (p.47) There is a persistent underdemand for labor in the United States and European Union, and even more so in countries such as South Africa, India, and Brazil, yet its cause is almost the opposite of the one identified by the automation theorists. In reality, rates of labor-productivity growth are slowing down, not speeding up. This phenomenon should have increased the demand for labor, except that the productivity slowdown was overshadowed by another trend: in a development analyzed by Marxist economist Robert Brenner under the title of the “long downturn”—and belatedly recognized by mainstream economists as “secular stagnation”—economies have been growing...

• "A World Without Work?" (2020)

• Benanav, Aaron
• "Automation and the Future of Work-I" (2019)

• Automation and the Future of Work (2020)

• Benhamou, Salima; Janin, Lionel
• "Intelligence artificielle et travail" (2018)

• Benzell, Seth G; Kotlikoff, Laurence J; LaGarda, Guillermo; Sachs, Jeffrey D
• "Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement" (2015)

• Berardi, Franco
• The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy (2009)

• Berg, Andrew; Buffie, Edward F; Zanna, Luis-Felipe
• "Should we fear the robot revolution? (The correct answer is yes)" (2018)

  (p.118) Technology optimists do not deny that automation will prove disruptive in the short run. They point out, however, that historically periods of rapid technological change have created more jobs than they have destroyed and have raised wages and per capita income in rough proportion. The AI revolution may be different, but there are good reasons to believe that a resilient, adaptable economy will again vanquish the specter of technological unemployment: income growth raises the demand for labor in sectors that produce non-automatable goods and for workers that perform manual-intensive tasks; higher productivity stimulates investment throughout the economy in cooperating capital...

• "Should we fear the robot revolution? (The correct answer is yes)" (2018)

• Berman, B J
• "Artificial intelligence and the ideology of capitalist reconstruction" (1992)

• Berner, Boel
• "Working Knowledge as Performance: On the Practical Understanding of Machines" (2008)

• Bessant, Judith; Watts, Rob
• "COVID, capital, and the future of work in Australia" (2021)

• Bessen, James; Koch, Michael; Manuylov, Ilya; Smolka, Marcel; Acemoglu, D; Dauth, Wolfgang; Others,
• "Don’t blame it on the machines: robots and employment in europe" (2020)

• Bhatnagar, Harshita
• "Artificial Intelligence-A New Horizon in Indian Higher Education" (2020)

  (p.32) The other impact of AI in higher education is enrollment. Liberal arts and humanities majors may become more popular as these areas are less susceptible to “AI-invasion.” 

• "Artificial Intelligence-A New Horizon in Indian Higher Education" (2020)

• Biagini, Cédric
• L'emprise numérique: Comment Internet et les Nouvelles Technologies Ont Colonisé Nos Vies (2012)

• Blasimme, Alessandro; Vayena, Effy
• "The Ethics of AI in Biomedical Research, Patient Care, and Public Health" (2020)

• Bluemke, David A; Moy, Linda; Bredella, Miriam A; Ertl-Wagner, Birgit B; Fowler, Kathryn J; Goh, Vicky J; Halpern, Elkan F; Hess, Christopher P; Schiebler, Mark L; Weiss, Clifford R
• "Assessing Radiology Research on Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Guide for Authors, Reviewers, and Readers—From the Radiology Editorial Board" (2020)

  (p.488) Just like MRI or CT scanners, AI algorithms need independent validation. Commercial AI products may work in the computer laboratory but have poor function in the reading room.

• "Assessing Radiology Research on Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Guide for Authors, Reviewers, and Readers—From the Radiology Editorial Board" (2020)

  (p.489) Deep concern by radiologists about AI performance needs to be a major concern by our discipline as awhole.

• "Assessing Radiology Research on Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Guide for Authors, Reviewers, and Readers—From the Radiology Editorial Board" (2020)

• Boyd, Ross; Holton, Robert J
• "Technology, innovation, employment and power: Does robotics and artificial intelligence really mean social transformation?" (2018)

• Branting, L Karl
• "Artificial Intelligence and the Law from a Research Perspective" (2018)

• Bresnahan, Timothy F; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Hitt, Lorin M
• "Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-level Evidence" (2002)

• Brito, Dagobert L
• "Automation does not kill jobs; It increases inequality" (2020)

• Bruun, Edvard P G; Duka, Alban
• "Artificial Intelligence, Jobs and the Future of Work: Racing with the Machines" (2018)

• Brynjolfsson, E; Rock, D; Syverson, C
• "Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics" (2019)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; Hitt, Lorin M
• "Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance" (2000)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; Hitt, Lorin M; Yang, Shinkyu
• "Intangible Assets: Computers and Organizational Capital" (2002)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew
• The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (2014)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; Mitchell, Tom
• "What can machine learning do? Workforce implications" (2017)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; Mitchell, Tom; Rock, Daniel
• "What can machines learn, and what does it mean for occupations and the economy?" (2018)

  (p.46) Automation technologies have historically been the key driver of increased industrial productivity. They have also disrupted employment and the wage structure systematically. However, our analysis suggests that ML will affect very different parts of the workforce than earlier waves of automation. Furthermore, tasks within jobs typically show considerable variability in SML, while few (if any) jobs can be fully automated using ML. Machine learning technology can transform many jobs in the economy, but full automation will be less significant than the reengineering of processes and the reorganization of tasks.

• "What can machines learn, and what does it mean for occupations and the economy?" (2018)

• Brynjolfsson, Erik; Rock, Daniel; Syverson, Chad
• "Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics" (2017)

• Brödner, Peter
• "From Taylorism to competence-based production" (2007)

• Bughin, Jacques
• "Artificial Intelligence, Its Corporate Use and How It Will Affect the Future of Work" (2020)

• Burger, Benjamin; Maffettone, Phillip M; Gusev, Vladimir V; Aitchison, Catherine M; Bai, Yang; Wang, Xiaoyan; Li, Xiaobo; Alston, Ben M; Li, Buyi; Clowes, Rob; Rankin, Nicola; Harris, Brandon; Sprick, Reiner Sebastian; Cooper, Andrew I
• "A mobile robotic chemist" (2020)

• Bursley, Matthew
• "Job Impact on Automation in Accounting: What Will Happen to Job Availability?" (2021)

• Carbonero, Francesco; Ernst, Ekkehard; Weber, Enzo
• "Robots worldwide: The impact of automation on employment and trade" (2020)

• Casilli, A A
• "Waiting for robots: the ever-elusive myth of automation and the global exploitation of digital labor" (2021)

• Casilli, Antonio
• "Digital Labor Studies Go Global: Toward a Digital Decolonial Turn" (2017)

• Casilli, Antonio; Posada, Julian
• "The Platformization of Society" (2019)

• Cath, Corinne; Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano
• "Artificial Intelligence and the 'Good Society': the US, EU, and UK approach" (2018)

• Celentano, Denise
• "Automation, Labour Justice, and Equality" (2019)

• "‘Be your own boss’? Normative concerns of algorithmic management in the gig economy: reclaiming agency at work through algorithmic counter-tactics" (2023)

• "Labor automation for fair cooperation: Why and how machines should provide meaningful work for all" (2023)

• Chace, Calum
• The Economic Singularity: Artificial Intelligence and the Death of Capitalism (2016)

• Chamberlain, James; Celentano, Denise; McBride, Keally
• "Technology and the Future of Work" (2022)

• Chan, Lap Ki; Pawlina, Wojciech
• "Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?" (2020)

  (p.6) As time progresses, artificial intelligent systems should become better and more flexible by incorporating changes in the academic culture and learning preferences of new generations of students (Baker, 2016). Robots are developing their human touch too. Robots that can recognize emotional states are currently in development (Azuar et al., 2019; Yu and Tapus, 2019). Only time will tell what robots with deep learning ability will be capable of, and whether they will be artificially intelligent and we anatomists remain naturally stupid. It is too early to say that anatomy educators are safe from losing their jobs to robots. However, this...

• "Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?" (2020)

• Chen, Irene Y; Szolovits, Peter; Ghassemi, Marzyeh
• "Can AI Help Reduce Disparities in General Medical and Mental Health Care?" (2019)

• Chessell, Darren
• "The Jobless Econonomy in a Post-work Society: How automation will transform the labor market" (2018)

• Chuah, Lay Lian; Loayza, Norman; Schmillen, Achim D
• "The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine" (2018)

  (p.2) This does not mean that machines will replace all labor or that wages will plummet across the board. Computers based on AI are remarkably effective in conducting specific tasks rather than replicating human intelligence. The early attempts to imitate humans in the 1970s derailed AI for decades. By contrast, the recent success of AI has been based on an algorithmic approach that uses neural networks and deep learning for well-defined and limited tasks.

• "The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine" (2018)

• Citron, Danielle Keats; Pasquale, Frank
• "The scored society: Due process for automated predictions" (2014)

• Clifton, Judith; Glasmeier, Amy; Gray, Mia
• "When machines think for us: the consequences for work and place" (2020)

• Cockburn, Iain M; Henderson, Rebecca; Stern, Scott
• "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation" (2018)

• Codagnone, Cristiano; Abadie, Fabienne; Biagi, Federico
• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.12) As put by economist Timothy Taylor in his blog (Taylor, 2015), the use of the ‘sharing economy’ expression to refer to various commercial platforms is a ‘triumph of public relations artistry’ (he would rather use ‘the matching economy’). This consideration clearly applies to digital labour markets and it would suffice to observe their revenues and market evaluation; unlike community-based ‘time banking’ digital platforms where ‘true’ sharing can occur, commercial initiatives such as TaskRabbit fail to cater for less advantaged members of the community (Thebault-Spieker, et al., 2015). The same goes for the ‘crowd working’ or ‘crowd employment’ labels resounding the...

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.55) The enactment of some form of regulation to establish the proposed portability of benefits would already represent a positive step forward to ensure more dignified conditions for workers in digital labour markets; various analysts, however, consider it insufficient in view of the facts that earnings are at times too low in the absence of any minimum wage rules, the flow of work is unstable and no employment benefits exists, there are clear information and power asymmetries, no protection against privacy violations, and various forms of information or reputation-based ethnic and gender discriminatory mechanisms occur unregulated.

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.9) As recounted by Schwartz (2015) in a piece tellingly titled ‘Human pretending to be computers pretending to be human’, in 1770 Wolfgang von Kempelen presented in Vienna to Empress Maria Theresa a sort of robot (see picture) that could beat humans at playing chess; he called it the ‘Turk’. The ‘Turk’ toured Europe and evoked contrasting responses, as some were ready to admit and welcome that machines were surpassing humans but many opposed this view. Although the Turk included a ‘labyrinth of levers, cogs and clockwork machinery’ obviously it was not using any algorithm and was operated by a person...

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

• Codagnone, Cristiano; Biagi, Federico; Abadie, Fabienne
• "The passions and the interests: Unpacking the'sharing economy'" (2016)

• Coeckelbergh, Mark
• "Health care, capabilities, and AI assistive technologies" (2010)

• Green Leviathan or the Poetics of Political Liberty : Navigating Freedom in the Age of Climate Change and Artificial Intelligence (2021)

• Coelho, José
• "Universal basic income and skill-biased technological change" (2020)

• Coghlan, Simon
• "Robots and the Possibility of Humanistic Care" (2021)

• Cohen, Julie E
• Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice (2012)

• Cole, Matthew; Radice, Hugo; Umney, Charles
• "The political economy of datafication and work: A new digital Taylorism?" (2020)

• Colonna, Liane
• "Artificial Intelligence in the Internet of Health Things: Is the Solution to AI Privacy More AI?" (n.d.)

• Comin, Diego; Mestieri, Martí
• "If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere, Why Has Income Diverged?" (2018)

• Consoli, Davide; Fusillo, Fabrizio; Orsatti, Gianluca; Quatraro, Francesco
• "Skill endowment, routinisation and digital technologies: evidence from U.S. Metropolitan Areas" (2021)

• Coombs, Crispin
• "Will COVID-19 be the tipping point for the intelligent automation of work? A review of the debate and implications for research" (2020)

• Couldry, Nick; Mejias, Ulises A
• The Costs of Connection: How Data Are Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism (2020)

• Cowls, Josh; Floridi, Luciano
• "Prolegomena to a White Paper on an Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society" (n.d.)

• Cowls, Josh; King, Thomas; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano
• "Designing AI for Social Good: Seven Essential Factors" (2019)

• Crain, Marion; Poster, Winifred; Cherry, Miriam
• Invisible Labor: Hidden Work in the Contemporary World (2016)

• Dabbous, Amal; Barakat, Karine Aoun; Sayegh, May Merhej
• "Enabling organizational use of artificial intelligence: an employee perspective" (2021)

• Danaher, John
• "Will Life Be Worth Living in a World Without Work? Technological Unemployment and the Meaning of Life" (2017)

• Automation and Utopia (2019)

• Automation and Utopia (2019)

• "Freedom in an Age of Algocracy" (n.d.)

• Danaher, John; Hogan, Michael J; Noone, Chris; Kennedy, Rónán; Behan, Anthony; De Paor, Aisling; Felzmann, Heike; Haklay, Muki; Khoo, Su-Ming; Morison, John; Murphy, Maria Helen; O'Brolchain, Niall; Schafer, Burkhard; Shankar, Kalpana
• "Algorithmic governance: Developing a research agenda through the power of collective intelligence" (2017)

• Daston, L
• "Calculation and the Division of Labor, 1750-1950" (2018)

  (p.30) In a sense, the analytical intelligence demanded by human-machine production lines for calculations was no different than the adaptations required by any mechanized manufacture: mechanical weaving looms did not operate the way human weavers did; the sequencing of human and mechanical labor in a textile factory also required breaking down tasks in new and counter-intuitive ways. In another sense, however, the analytical intelligence applied to making human machine cooperation in calculation work was a rehearsal for anactivity that would become known first as Operations Research and later computer programming.

• "Calculation and the Division of Labor, 1750-1950" (2018)

  (p.30) In a sense, the analytical intelligence demanded by human-machine production lines for calculations was no different than the adaptations required by any mechanized manufacture: mechanical weaving looms did not operate the way human weavers did; the sequencing of human and mechanical labor in a textile factory also required breaking down tasks in new and counter-intuitive ways. In another sense, however, the analytical intelligence applied to making human machine cooperation in calculation work was a rehearsal for anactivity that would become known first as Operations Research and later computer programming.

• "Calculation and the Division of Labor, 1750-1950" (2018)

• Daugherty, Paul R; James Wilson, H
• Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI (2018)

• Davenport, T; Guha, A; Grewal, D; Bressgott, T
• "How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing" (2020)

• Davenport, Thomas H
• The AI Advantage: How to Put the Artificial Intelligence Revolution to Work (2018)

• De Stefano, Valerio
• "‘Negotiating the Algorithm’: Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Labour Protection" (2018)

• "Algorithmic Bosses and What to Do About Them: Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Labour Protection" (2020)

• De Witte, Marco; Steijn, Bram
• "Automation, Job content, and Underemployment" (2000)

• Deggans, Jerome; Krulicky, Tomas; Kovacova, Maria; Valaskova, Katarina; Poliak, Milos
• "Cognitively enhanced products, output growth, and labor market changes: will artificial intelligence replace workers by automating their jobs?" (2019)

• Delfanti, Alessandro
• "Machinic dispossession and augmented despotism: Digital work in an Amazon warehouse" (2021)

• Delfanti, Alessandro; Frey, Bronwyn
• "Humanly Extended Automation or the Future of Work Seen through Amazon Patents" (2021)

• Denning, Steve
• "The 'Jobless Future' Is A Myth" (2015)

• Diebolt, Vincent; Azancot, Isaac; Boissel, François-Henri; Adenot, Isabelle; Balague, Christine; Barthélémy, Philippe; Boubenna, Nacer; Coulonjou, Hélène; Fernandez, Xosé; Habran, Enguerrand; Lethiec, Françoise; Longin, Juliette; Metzinger, Anne; Merlière, Yvon; Pham, Emmanuel; Philip, Pierre; Roche, Thomas; Saurin, William; Tirel, Anny; Voisin, Emmanuelle; Marchal, Thierry
• "“Artificial intelligence”: Which services, which applications, which results and which development today in clinical research? Which impact on the quality of care? Which recommendations?" (2019)

• Dijmărescu, Irina; Ionescu, Luminița
• "The Future of Work in a Jobless Society: Globalization, Smart Digitalization, and Cognitive Automation" (2021)

• Dubber, Markus Dirk; Pasquale, Frank; Das, Sunit
• The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI (2020)

• Duckworth, Paul; Graham, Logan; Osborne, Michael
• "Inferring Work Task Automatability from AI Expert Evidence" (2019)

  (p.485) Machine learning (ML), in combination with complementary technologies such as robotics and software-based standardization, have rapidly become real substitutes and complements to human labor. [...] While recent advances in technology seem able to automate intelligent work, we lack good data on the scope of such automation. 

• "Inferring Work Task Automatability from AI Expert Evidence" (2019)

• Duda, John
• "Cybernetics, Anarchism and Self-organisation" (2013)

• Duffy, Brooke Erin; Schwartz, Becca
• "Digital “women’s work?”: Job recruitment ads and the feminization of social media employment" (2018)

• Duggan, James; Sherman, Ultan; Carbery, Ronan; McDonnell, Anthony
• "Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM" (2020)

• Dyer-Witheford, Nick
• Cyber-Marx, Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism (1999)

• Cyber-proletariat: Global Labour in the Digital Vortex (2015)

• Ebben, Maureen
• "Automation and Augmentation: Human Labor as Essential Complement to Machines" (2020)

• Ekbia, Hamid; Nardi, Bonnie
• "Heteromation and Its (Dis)Contents: The Invisible Division of Labor Between Humans and Machines" (2014)

• Elish, Madeleine Clare; Boyd, Danah
• "Situating Methods in the Magic of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence" (2017)

• Ellem, Bradon
• "Geographies of the Labour Process: Automation and the Spatiality of Mining" (2016)

• Elliott, Anthony
• The Routledge Social Science Handbook of AI (2021)

• Elliott, Christopher Shane; Long, Gary
• "Manufacturing Rate Busters: Computer Control and Social Relations in the Labour Process" (2016)

• Ernst, Ekkehardt; Merola, Rossana; Samaan, Daniel
• "Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Work" (2019)

  (p.3) Common to all these applications is that they concern tasks that are considered to require specific human capacities related to visual perception, speech, sentiment recognition, and decision-making. In other words, AI is replacing mental tasks rather than physical ones, which were the target of previous waves of mechanization.

• "Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Work" (2019)

• Estlund, Cynthia
• "What Should We Do after Work: Automation and Employment" (2018)

• Etzler, John Adolphus
• The Paradise Within the Reach of All Men, Without Labor, By Powers of Nature and Machinery (1842)

• Eubanks, Ben
• Artificial Intelligence for HR: Use AI to Support and Develop a Successful Workforce (2018)

• Fakhoury, Marc
• "Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry" (2019)

  (p.122) AI-based techniques have also been effectively used in the prediction of psychiatric symptoms including psychosis, which broadly includes the manifestations of thought disorders, behavioral disorganization, or catatonia. Using automated speech analysis in combination with machine learning, Bedi et al. [9] were able to accurately predict the development of psychosis in high-risk youths, outperforming classifcation from clinical interviews, where much of the assessments rely on the patient’s motivation to accurately report his experience. Enhancing the capacity to predict psychosis could have signifcant impacts for the identifcation of high-risk individuals and could provide clinicians with valuable information on which to base treatment...

• "Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry" (2019)

  (p.123) Notwithstanding their numerous advantages, interventions that are based on AI techniques carry risks and limitations. For instance, treatment plans that rely on computerized techniques do not implement full psychiatric evaluations and do not display the emphatic concern and emotional awareness of physicians. As a result, individuals who only rely on AI-based interventions are often discouraged to pursue treatment. Another major concern is that the majority of the studies on AI-based interventions have been conducted by their developers who want to demonstrate the effcacy of their product with personal fnancial stake in the outcome. Finally, the implementation of AI-based treatments may face several ethical concerns regarding patient...

• "Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry" (2019)

• Fan, Haichao; Hu, Yichuan; Tang, Lixin
• "Labor costs and the adoption of robots in China" (2021)

• Feenberg, Andrew
• Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revisited (2002)

• Feldman, Lindsey Raisa
• "Anti-heroes, wildfire, and the complex visibility of prison labor" (2020)

• Felten, Edward W; Raj, Manav; Seamans, Robert
• "The Occupational Impact of Artificial Intelligence: Labor, Skills, and Polarization" (2019)

  (p.5) Technological progress in our model takes the form of an ongoing decline in the cost of computerizing routine tasks, which can be performed both by computer capital and low skill (‘non-college’) workers in the production of goods. The adoption of computers substitutes for low skill workers performing routinetasks–such as bookkeeping, clerical work, and repetitive production and monitoring activities–which are readily computerized because they follow precise, well-defined procedures. Importantly, occupations intensive in these tasks are most commonplace in the middle of the occupational skill and wage distribution.

• "The Occupational Impact of Artificial Intelligence: Labor, Skills, and Polarization" (2019)

• Fetzer, James H
• "The Philosophy of AI and Its Critique" (2008)

• Fish, Adam; Srinivasan, Ramesh
• "Digital Labor is the New Killer App" (2012)

• Fleming, Peter
• "Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job" (2019)

  (p.24) Anxiety about technological unemployment is not new. It dates back to the Luddite movement in the early days of industrialism (Hobsbawm, 1952) and has periodically resurfaced ever since. For example, John Maynard Keynes (1930) predicted machines would abolish work within two generations. The same was said in the 1980s (Leontief & Duchin, 1986) and 1990s (Aronowitz & DiFazio, 1994; Rifkin, 1995) in light of computerization, even as others more cheerfully spoke of a tremendous ‘upskilling revolution’ with the arrival of post-industrialism (Drucker, 1993). But the situation is very different today according to recent commentators who predict the death of work...

• "Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job" (2019)

  (p.25) The so-called ‘second machine age’ (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014) refers to the rapid maturation of digital, robotic and computational technology, and most recently AI or ‘machine learning’.3 Thousands of routine jobs disappeared with the first appearance of computer technology in the 1980s, combined with the offshoring of work to the Global South (Gordon, 1996). So what distinguishes applications of AI from past uses of automation? Unlike factory machines, robotics can perform non-routine labour of the physical, cognitive and even emotional kind (Ford, 2015). What some technologists term ‘the singularity’ takes the argument one step further (Chace, 2016). Highly advanced computer...

• "Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job" (2019)

  (p.31) I do not want to imply that machines will have no influence on work in the future. Indeed, the impact may be significant, including unemployment. However, the now prevalent forecast of mass joblessness is unlikely to be realized given how AI and digitalization are constrained by socioeconomic and organizational forces that shape its implementation (namely, labour pricing, extant power relations and the job task in question). Furthermore, the concept of bounded automation allows us to understand why increasingly low-skilled (be they unautomated or semi-automated) jobs are likely to flourish while so-called good ones become ever more difficult to acquire.

• "Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job" (2019)

• "Robots and organization studies: Why robots might not want to steal your job" (2019)

• Floridi, Luciano
• The Ethics of Information (2013)

• "Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI" (2019)

• "Should We Be Afraid of AI?" (2019)

• "AI and Its New Winter: from Myths to Realities" (2020)

• Ethics, Governance, and Policies in Artificial Intelligence (2021)

• "The European Legislation on AI: a Brief Analysis of its Philosophical Approach" (2021)

• Floridi, Luciano; Cowls, Josh
• "A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society" (2019)

• Floridi, Luciano; Cowls, Josh; Beltrametti, Monica; Chatila, Raja; Chazerand, Patrice; Dignum, Virginia; Luetge, Christoph; Madelin, Robert; Pagallo, Ugo; Rossi, Francesca; Schafer, Burkhard; Valcke, Peggy; Vayena, Effy
• "AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations" (2018)

• Floridi, Luciano; Cowls, Josh; King, Thomas C; Taddeo, Mariarosaria
• "How to Design AI for Social Good: Seven Essential Factors" (2020)

• Ford, Martin
• Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (2016)

• Ford, Martin R
• The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future (2009)

• Formosa, Paul; Ryan, Malcolm
• "Making moral machines: why we need artificial moral agents" (2021)

• FraiJ, Jihad; László, Várallyai
• "Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review" (2021)

  (p.116) AI software was developed to make computers that think logically and behave like humans. HRM has witnessed the efficiency and benefits of AI in the recruitment and hiring processes the ability of AI to adapt to the recruitment has increased rapidly over the last two decades. Recruitment still occurs through traditional methods but is assisted by AI tools and applications. The system helps automate different processes, making decision-making more effective and efficient. The use of AI has improved the hiring process for better quality. Now, HR managers have time to explore HR's bigger picture. Despite advances in technology, however, a...

• "Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review" (2021)

• Frank, Morgan R; Autor, David; Bessen, James E; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Cebrian, Manuel; Deming, David J; Feldman, Maryann; Groh, Matthew; Lobo, José; Moro, Esteban; Wang, Dashun; Youn, Hyejin; Rahwan, Iyad
• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

  (p.6535) Recent studies show that historical technology-driven trends may not capture the AI-driven trends we face today. Consequently, some have concluded that AI is a fundamentally new technology (3, 65). If the trends of the past are not predictive of the employment trends from current or future technologies, then how can policy makers maintain and create new employment opportunities in the face of AI? What features of a labor market lead to generalized labor resilience to technological change?

• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

  (p.6536) The impact of AI and automation will vary greatly across geography, which has implications for the labor force, urban–rural discrepancies, and changes in the income distribution. The study of AI and automation are largely focused on national employment trends and national wealth disparity. However, recent work demonstrates that some places (e.g., cities) are more susceptible to technological change than others. Occupations form a network of dependencies which constrain how easily jobs can be replaced by technology. Therefore, the health of the aggregate labor market may depend on the impact of technology on specific urban and rural labor markets.

• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

• Frey, Carl Benedikt
• The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation (2019)

  (p.305) Like steam, electricity, and computers, AI is a general purpose technology (GPT), which has a wide range of applications. As the economists Iain Cockburn, Rebecca Henderson, and Scott Stern have shown, there has been a dramatic shift in AI-related publications, from computer science journals to application-oriented outlets. In 2015, the authors estimate, nearly two-thirds of all AI publications were outside the field of computer science.

• The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation (2019)

• Frey, Carl Benedikt; Berger, Thor; Chen, Chinchih
• "Political Machinery: Did Robots Swing the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election?" (2018)

• Fricano, Alessandro
• "“Algocracy”: the decline of representative democracy" (n.d.)

• Friedmann, Georges
• The Anatomy of Work: Labor, Leisure and the Implications of Automation (1961)

• Frischmann, Brett; Selinger, Evan
• Re-Engineering Humanity (2018)

• Fuchs, Christian
• "Marx’s Capital in the Information Age" (2017)

• "Appropriation of Digital Machines and Appropriation of Fixed Capital as the Real Appropriation of Social Being: Reflections on Toni Negri’s Chapter" (2019)

• Fuchs, Christian; Mosco, Vincent
• Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (2016)

• FutureOfWarehouseWork.pdf
• "FutureOfWarehouseWork.pdf" (n.d.)

• Gal, Uri; Jensen, Tina Blegind; Stein, Mari-Klara
• "Breaking the vicious cycle of algorithmic management: A virtue ethics approach to people analytics" (2020)

• Gasteiger, Norina; Broadbent, Elizabeth
• "AI, robotics, medicine and health sciences" (2021)

• Gentili, Andrea; Compagnucci, Fabiano; Gallegati, Mauro; Valentini, Enzo
• "Are machines stealing our jobs?" (2020)

  (p.168) Although robots will not completely replace the human workforce in the short run, the issue of labour dislocation must be addressed by targeted policies because of its negative effects on employment and wealth polarisation in our countries. Specifically, because robotisation seems to be growing faster than the capacity of workers to acquire new skills, policies based on sustained income in conjunction with adult learning will be increasingly necessary for the near future.

• "Are machines stealing our jobs?" (2020)

• Georgieff, Alexandre; Milanez, Anna
• "What happened to jobs at high risk of automation?" (2021)

• Gittleman, Maury; Monaco, Kristen
• "Truck-Driving Jobs: Are They Headed for Rapid Elimination?" (2020)

  (p.22) Fears that new technology will lead to massive unemployment are not new, though many researchers contend that this time the outcome will differ because of the potentially powerful effects of computers, robots, and otherdigital technologies. While we have not tried to address the question of what will happen to employment in the economy as a whole, we have examined an important occupation, and one in which employment levels many predict will be hit hard in the not-too-distant future by technologies that were difficult to foresee as recently as a decade or two ago. Our case study of truck drivers suggests, however, that, at least for now,...

• "Truck-Driving Jobs: Are They Headed for Rapid Elimination?" (2020)

• Glasmeier, Amy; Salant, Priscilla
• "Low-skill workers in rural America face permanent job loss" (2006)

• Golumbia, David
• The Cultural Logic of Computation (2009)

• Goos, Maarten; Manning, Alan
• "Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain" (2007)

  (p.125) the rapidly growing lousy jobs are all ones where it has proved difficult to substitute machines or computers for human labor.

• "Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain" (2007)

• Goyal, Arjun; Aneja, Ranjan
• "Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?" (2020)

  (p.8) Income inequality is not directly affected by technology, but it is a combination of both technology changes and the working position of the workers. The relationship between AI and income distribution has always been considered negative and this is what has been observed in this study and it directly affects the distribution of income and jobs. Due to automation, low and medium skill jobs are declining, and unemployment rate is increasing and the income gap between middle and high skill labor is increasing. Gini-coefficients of developing nations are higher than in developed nations, indicating that income inequality in developing nations...

• "Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?" (2020)

• Graham, Mark; Hjorth, Isis; Lehdonvirta, Vili
• "Digital Labour and Development: Impacts of Global Digital Labour Platforms and the Gig Economy on Worker Livelihoods" (2017)

• Granulo, Armin; Fuchs, Christoph; Puntoni, Stefano
• "Psychological reactions to human versus robotic job replacement" (2019)

• Gray, Mary; Suri, Siddarth
• Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass (2019)

• Gregg, Melissa; Andrijasevic, Rutvica
• "Virtually Absent: The Gendered Histories and Economies of Digital Labour" (2019)

• Gries, Thomas; Naudé, Wim
• "Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, Inequality and Productivity: Does Aggregate Demand Matter?" (2018)

  (p.1) It is not just jobs that may be disrupted. Labour productivity and income distribution are also likely to be affected.

• "Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, Inequality and Productivity: Does Aggregate Demand Matter?" (2018)

• Grint, Keith; Woolgar, Steve
• The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and Organization (2013)

• Gruetzemacher, Ross; Paradice, David; Lee, Kang Bok
• "Forecasting extreme labor displacement: A survey of AI practitioners" (2020)

• Gunkel, David J
• "The Machine Question" (2012)

• "Rage Against the Machine: Rethinking Education in the Face of Technological Unemployment" (2017)

• "A Vindication of the Rights of Machines" (2020)

• "Machine Translation" (2021)

• Halal, William; Kolber, Jonathan; Davies, Owen; Global, T
• "Forecasts of AI and future jobs in 2030: Muddling through likely, with two alternative scenarios" (2017)

  (p.87) The problem is that we have a hard time knowing what lies ahead in this new frontier. Who would have thought a few decades ago that most people today would do their work by staring into PC monitors, laptops, and mobile devices? There is no fixed amount of human endeavor, and work of different kinds will always appear to fill new economic demands.

• "Forecasts of AI and future jobs in 2030: Muddling through likely, with two alternative scenarios" (2017)

  (p.89) Some new jobs may appear, but they will not last for long. Machines have begun to learn by observation, by trial and error, and even from other machines—as we do, but much faster. They are likely to master most new occupations before we humans ever have the chance. We face a time when humans will hop from one career to the next, struggling to stay ahead of automation. Saddled by debt and discouraged by a broken social contract, many may succumb to despair unless we find an alternative to endless retraining.

• "Forecasts of AI and future jobs in 2030: Muddling through likely, with two alternative scenarios" (2017)

• Hamid, Oussama H; Smith, Norris Lee; Barzanji, Amin
• "Automation, per se, is not job elimination: How artificial intelligence forwards cooperative human-machine coexistence" (2017)

• Hammer, Anita; Karmakar, Suparna
• "Automation, AI and the Future of Work in India" (2021)

• Handel, Michael J
• "Growth trends for selected occupations considered at risk from automation" (2022)

• Hanson, Robin
• The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth (2016)

• Harayama, Yuko; Milano, Michela; Baldwin, Richard; Antonin, Céline; Berg, Janine; Karvar, Anousheh; Wyckoff, Andrew
• "Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work" (2021)

• Hardingham, Eileen; Vrbka, Jaromír; Kliestik, Tomas; Kliestikova, Jana
• "Will cognitive technology-driven automation lead to economic growth?" (2018)

• Hawksworth, John; Berriman, Richard; Goel, Saloni
• "Will robots really steal our jobs? An international analysis of the potential long term impact of automation" (2018)

• Hodder, Andy
• "New Technology, Work and Employment in the era of COVID-19: reflecting on legacies of research" (2020)

• Holland, Peter; Brewster, Chris; Kougiannou, Nadia
• "Employment, work, and industrial revolutions" (2021)

• Holmstrom, Jonny
• "From AI to digital transformation: The AI readiness framework" (2021)

• Hong, Jisu
• "Craft in the fourth revolution" (2018)

• Hosny, Ahmed; Parmar, Chintan; Quackenbush, John; Schwartz, Lawrence H; Aerts, Hugo J W L
• "Artificial intelligence in radiology" (2018)

  (p.502) As dependence on computers has increased, automated methods for the identification and processing of these predefined features — collectively known as computer-aided detection (CADe) — have long been proposed and occasionally utilized in the clinic. Radiologist-defined criteria are distilled into a pattern-recognition problem where computer vision algorithms highlight conspicuous objects within the image. However, these algorithms are often taskspecific and do not generalize across diseases and imaging modalities. Additionally, the accuracy of traditional predefined featurebased CADe systems remains questionable, with ongoing efforts to reduce false positives. It is often the case that outputs have to be assessed by radiologists to...

• "Artificial intelligence in radiology" (2018)

• Hughes, James
• "A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine" (2014)

• Huws, Ursula
• Labor in the Global Digital Economy: The Cybertariat Comes of Age (2014)

• Illéssy, Miklós; Huszár, Ákos; Makó, Csaba
• "Technological Development and the Labour Market: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Automation in Hungary in the International Comparison?" (2021)

• Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G
• "Demographics of Mechanical Turk" (2010)

• Irani, Lilly
• "The Cultural Work of Microwork" (2015)

  doi: 10.1177/1461444813511926

• Islam, Gazi
• "Can AIs do politics?" (n.d.)

• Ismail, Azra; Kumar, Neha
• "AI in Global Health: The View from the Front Lines" (2021)

  (p.13) In the push for more data, the role of the humans and the work they do are routinely marginalized, even as they provide critical linkages to make the data/AI infrastructures work. HCI and related disciplines have invested consistently in making work visible. This body of work is wide-ranging, from Suchman’s and Gray and Suri’s investigation of invisible work to Sambasivan and Smyth’s description of the “human infrastructure of ICTD”  Though not integrated into the digital economy quite yet, there are similar risks to extracting (invisible) labor from the FHWs who are already overburdened on account of responsibilities touching diverse, overlapping...

• "AI in Global Health: The View from the Front Lines" (2021)

• Ivanov, Stanislav; Kuyumdzhiev, Mihail; Webster, Craig
• "Automation fears: Drivers and solutions" (2020)

• Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein
• "Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making" (2018)

• "In the Age of the Smart Artificial Intelligence: AI’s dual capacities for automating and informating work" (2019)

• Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Newlands, Gemma; Lee, Min Kyung; Wolf, Christine T; Kinder, Eliscia; Sutherland, Will
• "Algorithmic management in a work context" (2021)

• Jones, Bryn
• "Work and Flexible Automation in Britain: A Review of Developments and Possibilities" (1988)

• Jones, Phil
• Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism (2021)

• Justie, Brian
• "Inhuman power: artificial intelligence and the future of capitalism, digital barricades: Interventions in digital culture and politics" (2020)

• Kaivo-Oja, Jari; Roth, Steffen; Westerlund, Leo
• "Futures of Robotics. Human Work in Digital Transformation" (2017)

• Kalis, Brian; Collier, Matt; Fu, Richard
• "10 promising AI applications in health care" (2018)

• Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael
• "Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence" (2019)

• "Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence" (2020)

  (p.43) It seems that, at some point, every discussion of AIturns to the issue of layoffs and the question ofwhether human workers are still needed if ma-chines can do everything. The underlying argu-ment goes back nearly a century when, in 1930,John Keynes introduced the concept of techno-logical unemployment. In theirfamous study, “The Future of Employment”,Freyand Osborne noted that 47% of total U.S.employment may be subject to automation. Whilesome argue that technological change has alwaysdestroyed some jobs and created others in ex-change (e.g., the introduction of the car trans-formed many carriage drivers into chauffeurs),others say that a sufficiently advanced AI systemcan do...

• "Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence" (2020)

  (p.46) Although massive job displacement due to AI is not necessarily likely, some industries will clearly see a very significant change. Restaurants of the future will more likely be staffed by service robots than by human waiters, and call center agents are likelyto be replaced by chatbots. Similar to how domestic appliances reduced the need for householdstaff and mechanical looms put weavers out of ajob, AI will touch some pink- and white-collar jobsin the same way as blue-collar workers wereaffected by automation on the shop floor decadesago. At first, governments may decide to keeppeople in the job by forcing companies to...

• "Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence" (2020)

• Kaplan, Jerry
• Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (2015)

• "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Labor" (2016)

• Keen, Andrew
• "The dark side to personalised internet" (2012)

• The Internet Is Not the Answer (2015)

• "Why “Surveillance Is The Dominant Business Model On The Internet”" (2015)

• Kellogg, Katherine C; Valentine, Melissa A; Christin, Angèle
• "Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control" (2020)

  (p.367) organizational scholarship has not kept pace with the ways that algorithmic technologies have the potential to transform organizational control in profound ways, with significant implications for workers

• "Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control" (2020)

• Khachaturyan, A A
• "Unemployment and other social threats of the digital economy" (2021)

• King, Thomas C; Aggarwal, Nikita; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano
• "Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions" (2020)

• Kingsley, Sara; Gray, Mary-Louise; Suri, Siddharth
• "Monopsony and the Crowd: Labor for Lemons?" (2014)

• Klenert, David; Fernández-Macías, Enrique; Antón Pérez, José Ignacio
• "Do robots really destroy jobs? Evidence from Europe" (2020)

• Klumpp, Matthias
• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

  (p.223)  Again, workload and conditions (time schedule) as well as appreciations from managers, customers, fellow workers, and traffic participants are important for drivers.This could lead to the proposition that positive human–artificial collaboration may even be easier if AI application learn to accolade and praise human co-workers in any form in order to show some appreciation for their input. This could be implemented for example within voice communication between drivers and Ai applications

• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

  (p.226) Between ever-increasing expectations and requirements and real human competence levels a ‘gap’is developing as required training for humans has for each and every person to start anew – learningcannot be automated for human workers: Longer education and training programmes are needed in order to arrive at required higher competence levels for a modern-day logistics and business environment. This constitutes a knowledge accumulation gap (grey field in Figure 2) that arises due to thefact that humans are not able to accumulate knowledge over generations – as opposed to machinesand computers which are able to do so.

• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

• Koch, Christof
• "How the Computer Beat the Go Player" (2016)

• Kofler, Ingrid; Innerhofer, Elisa; Marcher, Anja; Gruber, Mirjam; Pechlaner, Harald
• "Global Trends Shaping the World of Work" (2020)

• Korinek, Anton; Stiglitz, Joseph E
• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

  (p.350) measured productivity has increased rather slowly in recent years, even as the world seems to be captured by AI fever. If AIr elated innovations enter the economy at the same slow pace as suggested by recent productivity statistics, then the transition will be slower than, for example, the wave of mechanization in the 1950– 1970s, and the resulting disruptions may not be very significant. However, there are three possible alternatives: First, some suggest that productivity is significantly undermeasured, for example, because quality improvements are not accurately captured. The best available estimates suggest that this problem is limited to a few...

• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

  (p.353) In 1930 Keynes wrote an essay on the “Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren,” in which he described how technological possibilities may translate into utility possibilities. He worried about the quality of life that would emerge in a world with excess leisure. And he thought all individuals might face that quandary. But what has happened in recent years has raised another possibility: innovation could lead to a few very rich individuals— who may face this challenge—whereas the vast majority of ordinary workers may be left behind, with wages far below what they were at the peak of the industrial age.

• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

• "Artificial Intelligence, Globalization, and Strategies for Economic Development" (2021)

• Kougiannou, Nadia K; Mendonça, Pedro
• "Breaking the managerial silencing of worker voice in platform capitalism: The rise of a food courier network" (2021)

• Kouzov, Orlin
• "The Influence of the Artificial Intelligence on the Development of the Economy - Some Cultural Aspects" (2021)

• Kovacova, Maria; Kliestikova, Jana; Grupac, Marian; Grecu, Iulia; Grecu, Gheorghe
• "Automating gender roles at work: How digital disruption and artificial intelligence alter industry structures and sex-based divisions of labor" (2019)

• Lane, M; Saint-Martin, A
• "The impact of Artificial Intelligence on the labour market: What do we know so far?" (2021)

  (p.49) Excessive monitoring of employees, in the form of data collection and processing, may cause stress and undermine well-being. Surveillance at work is not necessarily new, but AI tools can only exacerbate the situation, not least because it is the very way those tools perform – every bit of data is potentially valuable

• "The impact of Artificial Intelligence on the labour market: What do we know so far?" (2021)

• Langer, Markus; Landers, Richard N
• "The future of artificial intelligence at work: A review on effects of decision automation and augmentation on workers targeted by algorithms and third-party observers" (2021)

• Lawry, Tom
• "The Road Ahead for AI" (2020)

• "When AI Meets HR" (2020)

• Lee, Min Kyung
• "Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management" (2018)

• Lee, Min Kyung; Kusbit, Daniel; Metsky, Evan; Dabbish, Laura
• "Working with Machines: The Impact of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Management on Human Workers" (2015)

• Lee, Yu-Hao; Lin, Holin
• "Gaming Is My Work: Identity Work in Internet-hobbyist Game Workers" (2011)

• Leicht, Kevin T
• "The Critical Study of Work: Labor, Technology, and Global Production" (2002)

• Leicht-Deobald, Ulrich; Busch, Thorsten; Schank, Christoph; Weibel, Antoinette; Schafheitle, Simon; Wildhaber, Isabelle; Kasper, Gabriel
• "The Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity" (2019)

• Lemmens, Pieter
• "Social Autonomy and Heteronomy in the Age of ICT: The Digital Pharmakon and the (Dis)Empowerment of the General Intellect" (2017)

• Leonard, John J; Mindell, David A; Stayton, Erik L
• "Autonomous Vehicles, Mobility, and Employment Policy: The Roads Ahead" (2020)

• Leontief, Wassily
• "The Long-Term Impact of Technology on Employment and Unemployment" (1983)

  (p.3) man's role as the most important factor in the production process will decrease just as the role of horses in agricultural production decreased to the point where they were all replaced by tractors.

• Levy, Frank
• "Computers and populism: artificial intelligence, jobs, and politics in the near term" (2018)

  (p.414) It is possible that artificial general intelligence—AI that out-performs humans in all ways—will arrive in several decades and the resulting employment disruptions will dwarf the disruptions described in this paper. But between today and 2040, the AI that already exists will disrupt the nation’s occupational structure. The question is whether these disruptions will seriously destabilize the country’s political and social structure. Part of the answer involves the speed of technical disruptions. The evidence in this article is mixed, but on balance there appears to be some time to develop anticipatory policies to assist people who will lose jobs and other...

• "Computers and populism: artificial intelligence, jobs, and politics in the near term" (2018)

• Levy, Karen; Barocas, Solon
• "Refractive Surveillance: Monitoring Customers to Manage Workers" (2018)

  (p.17) Refractive surveillance broadens the scope of analysis of data collection to more comprehensively account  for  its  effects  on populations  other  than  its  putative  target.  In  the  retail  context,  customer  data collection  has  the  capacity  to  reshape  managerial  practices—to  the  potential  economic  detriment  of workers—via  several  independent  mechanisms.  Customer  traffic  data  allow  retailers  to  optimize  labor scheduling  dynamically,  creating  the  potential  for  destabilizing  and  unpredictable  work  schedules. Customers’behaviors and interactions in stores give rise to the capacity for greater control over workers’encounters  with  them,  as  well  as  new  forms  of  worker  evaluation.  Clienteling  software  externalizes customer  profiles  and  preferences  to  render ...

• "Refractive Surveillance: Monitoring Customers to Manage Workers" (2018)

• Lewicki, James
• "The problem of idleness: An Arendtian justification of Universal Basic Income in the face of mass automation" (2019)

• Li, Minglong; Yin, Dexiang; Qiu, Hailian; Bai, Billy
• "A systematic review of AI technology-based service encounters: Implications for hospitality and tourism operations" (2021)

• Light, Jennifer S
• "When Computers Were Women" (1999)

• Lillywhite, Aspen; Wolbring, Gregor
• "Coverage of ethics within the artificial intelligence and machine learning academic literature: The case of disabled people" (2019)

• Lima, Yuri; Barbosa, Carlos Eduardo; dos Santos, Herbert Salazar; de Souza, Jano Moreira
• "Understanding Technological Unemployment: A Review of Causes, Consequences, and Solutions" (2021)

• Lloyd, Caroline; Payne, Jonathan
• "Rethinking country effects: robotics, AI and work futures in Norway and the UK" (2019)

• "Fewer jobs, better jobs? An international comparative study of robots and ‘routine’ work in the public sector" (2021)

• Loi, Michele
• "Technological unemployment and human disenhancement" (2015)

  (p.201) I provide the example of innovation in machine intelligence, which substitutes human skills characteristic of middle-class jobs, making these jobs redundant. As an effect, more people may be forced to find jobs that are less amenable to automation, but which, paradoxically, may turn out to be less desirable than the jobs most humans could find in the past. This undermines one of the arguments supporting machine use, namely that machines substitute men in hard physical tasks, then release man from the burden of heavy workloads, hazardous work environments, boring and repetitive tasks, and close supervision by other humans. I will...

• "Technological unemployment and human disenhancement" (2015)

• Lordan, Grace
• "People versus machines in the UK: Minimum wages, labor reallocation and automatable jobs" (2019)

• Lordan, Grace; Neumark, David
• "People versus machines: The impact of minimum wages on automatable jobs" (2018)

• Lorenz, L C
• "The algocracy. Understanding and explaining how public organizations are shaped by algorithmic systems" (2019)

• Lowe, Derek
• "Robo-Chemist: The Latest Version" (2020)

• Lucivero, Federica
• "Big Data, Big Waste? A Reflection on the Environmental Sustainability of Big Data Initiatives [p.1025}" (2020)

  The way in which institutions, media and industry speak of data as an immaterial and unlimited resource, the lack of recognition in metaphors like “the cloud” or adjectives like “superabundant”, conceal the material dimensions and environmental factors of data initiatives and data storing behaviour.

• "Big Data, Big Waste? A Reflection on the Environmental Sustainability of Big Data Initiatives" (2020)

• Lukanova, Georgina; Ilieva, Galina
• "Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Service Automation in Hotels" (2019)

• Mahroof, Kamran
• "A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse" (2019)

  (p.185) Another key theme gleaned from the analysis was the psychological impact of technology adoption, particularly AI as it can be at the expense of people. A manager provides some further insight into the psychological elements management encounter: ‘They amass experience which gives them the edge, ability of a TM to look at a warehouse full of pallets to say, I need 15 people and 3 h to shift that… that is purely experience. We put a system in and a report can tell you that. That’s a massive hit for someone. That first barrier is biggest’. If AI and automation...

• "A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse" (2019)

• Maibaum, Arne; Bischof, Andreas; Hergesell, Jannis; Lipp, Benjamin
• "A critique of robotics in health care" (2021)

• Mak, Kit-Kay; Pichika, Mallikarjuna Rao
• "Artificial intelligence in drug development: present status and future prospects" (2019)

• Makridakis, Spyros
• "The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms" (2017)

  (p.59) The societal impact of the digital revolution has been significant as it has affected most aspects of our lives and work, having moulded the dominant firm, shaped our shopping and entertainment habits as well as our employment patterns. This paper argues that the AI revolution is on target and will come into full force within the next twenty years as did the digital one since 1995 and will probably have an even greater impact than both the Industrial and digital ones combined. What is uncertain is if such an impact will lead to a utopian or dystopian future, or somewhere in between, which according...

• "The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms" (2017)

• Marx, Karl
• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.692) once adopted into the production process of capital, the means of labour passes through different metamorphoses, whose culmination is the machine, or rather, an automatic system of machinery (system of machinery: the automatic one is merely its most complete, most adequate form, and alone transforms machinery into a system), set in motion by an automaton, a moving power that moves itself; this automaton consisting of numerous mechanical and intellectual organs, so that the workers themselves are cast merely as its conscious linkages. In the machine, and even more in machinery as an automatic system, the use value, i.e. the material...

• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.693) The production process has ceased to be a labour process in the sense of a process dominated by labour as its governing unity. Labour appears, rather, merely as a conscious organ, scattered among the individual livingworkers at numerous points of the mechanical system; subsumed under the total process of themachinery itself, as itself only a link of the system, whose unity exists not in the living workers, butrather in the living (active) machinery, which confronts his individual, insignificant doings as a mightyorganism. In machinery, objectified labour confronts living labour within the labour process itself asthe power which rules it; a power which,...

• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.699) [It is,] hence, the tendency of capital to give production a scientific character; direct labour [is]reduced to a mere moment of this process. As with the transformation of value into capital, so does itappear in the further development of capital, that it presupposes a certain given historical developmentof the productive forces on one side -- science too [is] among these productive forces -- and, on theother, drives and forces them further onwards. Thus the quantitative extent and the effectiveness (intensity) to which capital is developed as fixed capital indicate the general degree to which capital is developed as capital, as power...

• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.700) To the degree that labour time -- the mere quantity of labour -- is posited by capital as the soledeterminant element, to that degree does direct labour and its quantity disappear as the determinantprinciple of production -- of the creation of use values -- and is reduced both quantitatively, to a smallerproportion, and qualitatively, as an, of course, indispensable but subordinate moment, compared togeneral scientific labour, technological application of natural sciences, on one side, and to the generalproductive force arising from social combination [Gliederung] in total production on the other side -- acombination which appears as a natural fruit of...

• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.704) In machinery, the appropriation of living labour by capital achieves a direct reality in this respect as well: It is, firstly, the analysis and application of mechanical and chemical laws, arising directly out of science, which enables the machine to perform the same labour as that previously performed by the worker. However, the development of machinery along this path occurs only when large industry has already reached a higher stage, and all the sciences have been pressed into the service of capital; and when, secondly, the available machinery itself already provides great capabilities. Invention then becomes a business, and the application of science to direct production itself...

• Grundrisse (1993)

  (p.705) Labour no longer appears so much to be included within the production process; rather,the human being comes to relate more as watchman and regulator to the production process itself.(What holds for machinery holds likewise for the combination of human activities and the developmentof human intercourse.) No longer does the worker insert a modified natural thing [Naturgegenstand] asmiddle link between the object [Objekt] and himself; rather, he inserts the process of nature,transformed into an industrial process, as a means between himself and inorganic nature, mastering it.He steps to the side of the production process instead of being its chief actor. In...

• McClure, Paul K
• "“You’re fired,” says the robot: The rise of automation in the workplace, technophobes, and fears of unemployment" (2018)

  (p.153) In the end, the trajectory of the digital economy may mean that an unprecedented number of citizens could lose their jobs to robots and software that can work for cheaper and for longer hours than any human. If such a transformation occurs, it will most likely be gradual (Susskind & Susskind, 2016), but even so, anticipating the individual and social outcomes is a matter worth pursuing. Hopefully, by recognizing the potential dangers of unemployment and by assessing both the trajectories and discourses associated with newer technologies, social scientists will be more equipped to discuss the implications of robotics, AI, and...

• "“You’re fired,” says the robot: The rise of automation in the workplace, technophobes, and fears of unemployment" (2018)

• McDonnell, Joseph W
• "Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

  (p.10) Artificial intelligence has the power to change the nature of work for many people, but the pace of adoption and the extent of the disruption are still the subject of debate. A rapid adoption of autonomous self-driving vehicles, for instance, could dramatically displace millions of workers, but a more gradual and partial adoption, especially in a growing economy, will have far less impact on drivers. 

• "Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• McGimpsey, Ian; Tannock, Stuart; Lauder, Hugh
• "Postcapitalism: a guide to our future" (2016)

• McGuinness, Seamus; Pouliakas, Konstantinos; Redmond, Paul
• "Skills-displacing technological change and its impact on jobs: challenging technological alarmism?" (2021)

  (p.16) It is increasingly documented that automation and technological change have the potential todestroy jobs, as well as to enhance and improve existing jobs by creating new tasks and rolesthat did not exist in the past. While predicting the exact impacts of technology on the labourmarket is virtually impossible due to the uncertainty involved, our research emphasises the positiveeffects of technological change that take place due to within-job reallocation effects on job tasks andskill requirements. Firstly, the share of workers affected by SDT appears low in light of some of theexisting research that has spurred much technological alarmism in the recent...

• "Skills-displacing technological change and its impact on jobs: challenging technological alarmism?" (2021)

• McLeod, Alister; Harris, Karleah; Smallwood, Jim
• "Skill-sets and Their Impact on Long-term Employment in Manufacturing" (2021)

• McLoughlin, Ian
• "Management, Work Organisation and Cad - Towards Flexible Automation?" (1990)

• Mehta, Arshia; Levy, Frank
• "Warehousing, Trucking, and Technology: The Future of Work in Logistics" (2020)

• Mellacher, Patrick; Scheuer, Timon
• "Wage Inequality, Labor Market Polarization and Skill-Biased Technological Change: An Evolutionary (Agent-Based) Approach" (2021)

• Merkel, Janet
• "‘Freelance isn’t free.’ Co-working as a critical urban practice to cope with informality in creative labour markets" (2019)

• Mfanafuthi, Mbali; Nyawo, Jabulani; Mashau, Pfano
• "Analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence and robotics on human labour" (2019)

• Mkansi, Marcia; Landman, Nico
• "The future of work in Africa in the era of 4IR – The South African perspective" (2021)

• Moghaddam, Yassi; Yurko, Heather; Demirkan, Haluk; Tymann, Nathan; Rayes, Ammar
• The Future of Work: How Artificial Intelligence Can Augment Human Capabilities (2020)

• Mondolo, Jasmine
• "The composite link between technological change and employment: A survey of the literature" (2021)

• Moniz, António B; Krings, Bettina-Johanna
• "Robots Working with Humans or Humans Working with Robots? Searching for Social Dimensions in New Human-Robot Interaction in Industry" (2016)

• Moniz, António; Krings, Bettina-Johanna; Frey, Philipp
• "Technology as Enabler of the Automation of Work? Current Societal Challenges for a Future Perspective of Work" (2021)

• Moore, Phoebe V
• "Future of Work: Technological Change and Women's Rights" (2019)

• "Agility of Affect in the Quantified Workplace" (2021)

• Moore, Phoebe V; Upchurch, Martin; Whittaker, Xanthe
• "Humans and Machines at Work: Monitoring, Surveillance and Automation in Contemporary Capitalism" (2018)

• Moore, Phoebe V; Woodcock, Jamie
• Augmented Exploitation: Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Work (2021)

• Moore, R; Williams, A B
• "AIDA: Using Social Scaffolding to Assist Workers with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities" (2020)

  (p.584)  Developmental disability is a significant, chronic disability that is attributed to physical, mental or a combination of mental and physical impairments. According to [2] these functional limitations in life activities include learning, mobility, self-direction, language reception and expression, and capacity for independent living. Instead of collaborative robots, or co-robots, completely displacing workers with IDD, social co-robots may have promise for not just augmenting the physical and intellectual capabilities for these workers but improving the attitudes and enjoyment for them in their employment environment.

• "AIDA: Using Social Scaffolding to Assist Workers with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities" (2020)

• Moore, Ryan; Press, Heathwood
• "Eros and civilization for a jobless future: Hebert Marcuse and the abolition of work" (2016)

• Moraes-Neto, Benedito
• "Automation and labor: Is Marx equal to Adam Smith?" (2004)

• Morgan, Jamie
• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.376) There is thus an issue of realizing the future and what form that future reality will really take. Futurists have adopted more and less positive accounts.10 The fourth industrial revolution too, includes a range of approaches. As we shall argue, however, there are significant commonalities and limits to the range. The important point at this stage is that positions are not irrelevant for how the future becomes the present, since they affect how the future will be shaped from the present. Clearly, this applies also to work and the future of work is a major focus of fourth industrial revolution...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.377) Formerly, automation and computerization had their greatest impact on Fordist continuous flow mass production lines and on clerical and secretarial work. That is, work that could be reduced to strictly repetitive actions or multiply reproducible essentially identical forms – some kinds of work whose primary task base could be expressed in simple routines. However, the new technology introduces combinations of mobility, monitoring/surveillance, discrimination, multi-functionality, language and effectively more complex decision making capacity (which is not to suggest this requires an AI be conscious). This greatly extends the range of tasks that could be duplicated by technology and thus the types...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.379) At root, Keynes highlights but does not resolve a tension based on two different framings of ‘need’. The need to interact, work and create as self-expression may be intrinsic to what it is to be human, but this is not the same as the need to earn a wage income in order to survive within a division of labour that operates according to disciplining principles or mechanisms. In this latter sense, labour is compelled and profit and accumulation drive the capitalist system. Historically, there is no simple relation where greater use of technology and higher productivity have continuously reduced hours...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.380) it is important to note that the world of tomorrow that Keynes is focused on in his essay is not ours. That world is not just one that has achieved technological wonders, it is one that has implicitly transitioned to a radically different socio-economic form of organization.

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.390) Whilst a sense that technology can liberate the worker from work may now be on the agenda of left accelerationists at such venues as Labour Party fringe conference events (e.g. The World Transformed), the main policy focus remains 390 Economy and Society dominated by a more business oriented and conventional set of capitalist concerns with the growth and profitability of the firm. From this perspective, the concerns of workers, the sociology of work and the broader issues of technology in society, are peripheral or additional.

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.391) The framing of policy, therefore, is not neutral. It absorbs the fourth industrial revolution concept according to market conforming logics that allow government to limit its responsibility for shaping the future, even as it continues to herald the potential. And this, of course, segues easily into the kinds of concerns and foci that consultancies, such as McKinsey, necessarily find most conducive to explore: investment as a corporate wealth generating and protecting exercise. To be clear, we by no means wish to suggest that a technological future will be dystopian nor that the future of work involves worse-case outcomes of rapid...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

• Morley, Jessica; Floridi, Luciano
• "An ethically mindful approach to AI for health care" (2020)

• Morley, Jessica; Floridi, Luciano; Kinsey, Libby; Elhalal, Anat
• "From What to How: An Initial Review of Publicly Available AI Ethics Tools, Methods and Research to Translate Principles into Practices" (2020)

• Morley, Jessica; Machado, Caio C V; Burr, Christopher; Cowls, Josh; Joshi, Indra; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano
• "The ethics of AI in health care: A mapping review" (2020)

• Morozov, Evgeny
• To Save Everything, Click Here : Technology, Solutionism and the Urge to Fix Problems That Don't Exist (2013)

• "Socialize the Data Centres!" (2015)

• Moser, Elias
• "Machines and Technological Unemployment: Basic Income vs. Basic Capital" (2021)

• Murcio, Ricardo; Scalzo, Germán; Pinto, Javier
• "Can AI Emulate Soft Skills?: The Future of Work in the Balance" (2021)

• Muro, M; Maxim, R; Whiton, J
• "Automation and artificial intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places" (2019)

• Mökander, Jakob; Floridi, Luciano
• "Ethics-Based Auditing to Develop Trustworthy AI" (2021)

• Nau, Dana S
• "Artificial Intelligence and Automation" (2009)

• Naudé, Wim
• "The Race Against the Robots and the Fallacy of the Giant Cheesecake: Immediate and Imagined Impacts of Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• "Artificial intelligence: neither Utopian nor apocalyptic impacts soon" (2021)

• Neary, Breda; Horák, Jakub; Kovacova, Maria; Valaskova, Katarina
• "The future of work: Disruptive business practices, technology-driven economic growth, and computer-induced job displacement" (2018)

• Neves, Ianaira Barretto Souza; Vianna, Fernando Ressetti Pinheiro Marques; do Nascimento Sutil, Bruno
• "Algocracy: A critical analysis on management mediated by algorithms" (2021)

• Nissim, Gadi; Simon, Tomer
• "The future of labor unions in the age of automation and at the dawn of AI" (2021)

• Noonan, Jeff
• "Luddites, Labor, and Meaningful Lives: Would a World Without Work Really Be Best?" (2020)

• Nübler, Irmgard
• "New technologies: A jobless future or golden age of job creation" (2016)

• OECD
• Artificial Intelligence in Society (2019)

• Obermeyer, Ziad; Powers, Brian; Vogeli, Christine; Mullainathan, Sendhil
• "Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations" (2019)

• Ojanperä, Sanna; O’Clery, Neave; Graham, Mark
• "Data science, artificial intelligence and the futures of work" (2018)

  (p.20) Because of rapid technological development, many commentators point to inevitable technological changes in the future of work. However, the overview that emerges from this review of the material suggests that multiple possible futures exist that depend on complex dynamics between context, choices and adaptability to new circumstances shaping the opportunities for individuals, firms, civil society organisations, governments and international organisations.

• "Data science, artificial intelligence and the futures of work" (2018)

• Oravec, Jo Ann
• "Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Social Welfare: Some Ethical and Historical Perspectives on Technological Overstatement and Hyperbole" (2019)

• Orr, Julian E
• Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job (1996)

• Otis, Eileen; Wu, Tongyu
• "The Deficient Worker: Skills, Identity, and Inequality in Service Employment" (2018)

• Packin, Nizan Geslevich
• "Disability Discrimination Using AI Systems, Social Media and Digital Platforms: Can We Disable Digital Bias?" (n.d.)

• Papadimitropoulos, Evangelos
• "Platform Capitalism, Platform Cooperativism, and the Commons" (2021)

• Paredes, Dusan; Fleming-Muñoz, David
• "Automation and robotics in mining: Jobs, income and inequality implications" (2021)

• Parker, Sharon K; Grote, Gudela
• "Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world" (2020)

  (p.10) On the other hand, new technologies and their associated work practices can undermine or interfere with human autonomy. We consider this issue in relation to automation, where most research has been done. The early focus of technology designers and implementers was to automate as much as possible, giving humans only the “left over” monitoring tasks that could not be performed by the technology. However, as Bainbridge (1983) noted in an article on the “ironies of automation”, this assumes that designers get everything correct (they don’t) and also that, by automating the complex tasks, only the “simple” ones are left. But...

• "Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world" (2020)

• Paschkewitz, John; Patt, Dan
• "Can AI Make Your Job More Interesting?" (2020)

• Pasquale, Frank
• "Restoring transparency to automated authority" (2011)

• "Two narratives of platform capitalism" (2016)

• "A rule of persons, not machines: the limits of legal automation" (2019)

• Pasquale, Frank A
• "The Algorithmic Self" (2015)

• Pasquinelli, Matteo; Joler, Vladan
• "The Nooscope manifested: AI as instrument of knowledge extractivism" (2020)

  (p.1) In the expression ‘artifcial intelligence’, the adjective ‘artifcial’ carries the myth of the technology’s autonomy; it hints to caricatural ‘alien minds’ that self-reproduce in silico but, actually, mystifes two processes of proper alienation; the growing geopolitical autonomy of hi-tech companies and the invisibilization of workers’ autonomy worldwide. The modern project to mechanise human reason has clearly mutated, in the twenty first century, into a corporate regime of knowledge extractivism and epistemic colonialism.

• "The Nooscope manifested: AI as instrument of knowledge extractivism" (2020)

  (p.15) Rather than studying only how technology works, critical inquiry studies also how it breaks, how subjects rebel against its normative control and workers sabotage its gears. In this sense, a way to sound the limits of AI is to look at hacking practices. Hacking is an important method of knowledge production, a crucial epistemic probe into the obscurity of AI. Deep learning systems for face recognition have triggered, for instance, forms of counter-surveillance activism. Through techniques of face obfuscation, humans have decided to become unintelligible to artifcial intelligence: that is to become, themselves, black boxes. The traditional techniques of obfuscation against surveillance immediately acquire a mathematical dimension in the age of...

• "The Nooscope manifested: AI as instrument of knowledge extractivism" (2020)

  (p.16) The natures of the ‘input’ and ‘output’ of machine learning have to be clarified. AI troubles are not only about information bias but also labour. AI is not just a control apparatus, but also a productive one. As just mentioned, an invisible workforce is involved in each step of its assembly line (dataset composition, algorithm supervision, model evaluation, etc.). Pipelines of endless tasks innervate from the Global North into the Global South; crowdsourced platforms of workers from Venezuela, Brazil and Italy, for instance, are crucial to teach German self-driving cars ‘how to see’. Against the idea of alien intelligence at...

• "The Nooscope manifested: AI as instrument of knowledge extractivism" (2020)

• Paus, Eva
• Confronting Dystopia: The New Technological Revolution and the Future of Work (2018)

• Pepito, Joseph Andrew; Locsin, Rozzano
• "Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?" (2019)

  (p.109) Technological breakthroughs occur at an ever-increasing rate thereby revolutionizing human health and wellness care. Technological advancements have drastically changed the structure and organization of the healthcare industry. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that 800 million workers worldwide could be replaced by robots by the year 2030. There is already a robotic revolution happening in healthcare wherein robots have made tasks and procedures more efficient and safer. Locsin and Ito has addressed the threat to nursing practice with human nurses being replaced by humanoid robots. Routine nursing care dictated solely by prescribed procedures and accomplishment of nursing tasks would be best performed...

• "Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?" (2019)

• Perez, C
• "Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms" (2010)

• Perrolle, Judith A
• "Expert Enhancement and Replacement in Computerized Mental Labor" (1991)

  (p.197) The expert replacement model applies a Taylorist industrial model of mental labor. Knowledge is viewed as a scarce resource to be "extracted" from experts and embodied in computer systems, which can then be operated more profitably.

• "Expert Enhancement and Replacement in Computerized Mental Labor" (1991)

• Peters, Michael A
• "DEEP LEARNING, THE FINAL STAGE OF AUTOMATION AND THE END OF WORK (AGAIN)?" (2017)

• "Beyond technological unemployment: the future of work" (2020)

• Petropoulos, Georgios
• "Do we understand the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment" (2017)

• "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment" (2018)

  (p.121) Moving from the efficiency gains in online trading to the extensive use of artificial intelligent systems in our industrial production, concerns about the potential displacement of labour emerge. The real question then becomes: which of the two labour market effects – displacement or productivity – will dominate in the artificial intelligence (AI) era? A first approach to answer this question is to examine the impact of technological breakthroughs on labour markets in previous industrial revolutions. For example, the introduction of automobiles in daily life led to a decline in horse related jobs, but new industries also emerged, with a net positive...

• "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment" (2018)

  (p.129) These future-facing studies do not reach a consensus over the potential impact of automation on labour markets. The fact that it is difficult to predict the exact impact of AI makes it complex to frame a policy response. But some society-level reaction is surely needed.

• "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment" (2018)

• Pettersen, Lene
• "Why Artificial Intelligence Will Not Outsmart Complex Knowledge Work" (2018)

• Pfeiffer, Sabine
• "Robots, Industry 4.0 and Humans, or Why Assembly Work Is More than Routine Work" (2016)

• Pitts, Frederick Harry
• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

  (p.366) In an adaptation of the orthodox Marxist understanding of the unfolding of capitalist development, the ‘human machines’ Hardt and Negri see as ‘put to work’ in contemporary capitalism represent what might be characterised as the ‘forces of production’ which push against the ‘relations of production’, namely, the property relations that conflict with the common, cooperative basis of value production in the digital age. As Hardt and Negri write, ‘Private property appears increasingly as a fetter to social productivity both in the sense that it blocks the relationships of cooperation that generate production and that it undermines the social relations that...

• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

  (p.367) The difference between Hardt and Negri’s negated dialectic of forces and relations and that found in orthodox Marxism is that, for the former, there is no promise of resolution or unification out of the social conflict and resistance that powers it, only ‘permanent crisis and continual imbalance’. This, it is fair to say, fool-proofs what was formerly, in Empire and Multitude, the sense that a new world was being built in the shell of the old, and were only it to be liberated from the relations constraining it, all would be well. Moreover, Hardt and Negri appear keen to distance...

• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

• Pollock, Friedrich
• The economic and social consequences of automation (1957)

• Ponce, Aida
• "Labour in the Age of AI: Why Regulation is Needed to Protect Workers" (2020)

  (p.10) As surveillance technologies can lead to violations of human dignity and workers’ rights, monitoring and tracking policies need to be clearly justified and discussed on a case-by-case basis. This must cover such aspects as what is possible, what the limits are, and where and how the data collected from the workforce comes from (for instance, private email, social media posts or offline activity). Moreover, the right to disconnect or the right to be unavailable should be respected across the board, as is already the case in some EU countries such as France.

• "Labour in the Age of AI: Why Regulation is Needed to Protect Workers" (2020)

  (p.12) With the development of AI, companies are looking after their own interests by upskilling or reskilling their employees. For workers, acquiring technical skills, although necessary, is not enough. They need to become ‘AI literate’, which is understood as being able to critically understand AI’s role and its impact on their work. This means learning to work alongside AI and to anticipate how AI will transform their career and role at work. Passively using AI systems or tools does not benefit the workers themselves; a certain distance needs to be established for them to see AI’s overall impact and influence.

• "Labour in the Age of AI: Why Regulation is Needed to Protect Workers" (2020)

  (p.2) AI has the ability to affect the workforce in many ways, both as a standalone technology or when coupledwith other technologies (robotics, machine learning, blockchain, etc.). This Foresight Brief therefore argues that a governance framework needs to be developed, and one preferably based on regulation rather than ethicalguidelines, codes of conduct or standards. Practically speaking, AI systems can impact workers in many different ways: trackers for Uber drivers, Deliveroo riders and lorry drivers; nurses connected with apps and tablets; technicians collaborating with robots in a production line; software deciding who should be promoted next, predicting outcomes and scheduling activities; etc. The impacts are many and diverse, but AI should not...

• "Labour in the Age of AI: Why Regulation is Needed to Protect Workers" (2020)

• Popescu, Gheorghe H; Petrescu, Irina Elena; Sabie, Oana Matilda; Muşat, Mihaela
• "Labor-displacing technological change and worldwide economic insecurity: How automation and the creation of innovative tasks shape inequality" (2018)

• Poutanen, Seppo; Kovalainen, Anne; Rouvinen, Petri
• Digital Work in the Platform Economy (2019)

• Prettner, Klaus; Strulik, Holger
• "Innovation, automation, and inequality: Policy challenges in the race against the machine" (2020)

• Rabinbach, Anson
• The Eclipse of the Utopias of Labor (2018)

• Rainnie, Al; Dean, Mark
• "Industry 4.0 and the future of quality work in the global digital economy" (2020)

  (p.19) the ability of machines to bridge the physical and virtual worlds is intrinsic to the innovative transformation of economies and societies attainable with the rapid digitalisation of production. The digitalisation of manufacturing production defines the entire life cycle of a product. Companies can develop new business models that offer complementary tertiary services to autonomous manufacturing processes, and shape key business objectives that improve their positions in the value chain (Sniderman et al. 2016). Industry 4.0 processes can facilitate value-creation to include all lifecycle phases of a product. The intelligent processes and flexible production systems that characterise i4.0 present opportunities for...

• "Industry 4.0 and the future of quality work in the global digital economy" (2020)

  (p.20) The Australian literature is entirely uncritical [of the fourth industrial revolution], reflecting a passive acceptance of i4.0 ideology. 

• "Industry 4.0 and the future of quality work in the global digital economy" (2020)

  (p.27) Digital platforms are causing significant levels of disruption to the world of work and challenging traditional business models, driven in large part by a tendency towards monopoly. Of course, centralisation and concentration are essential features of capitalism. What is different this time is the speed with which new winners achieve enormous scale and with relatively small direct employment. A key reason for the speed of digital capitalism’s colonisation of the FoW is that platforms represent a business model based on the control of data. The monopoly characteristics of platform capitalism express the most widespread application of digital technologies. 

• "Industry 4.0 and the future of quality work in the global digital economy" (2020)

• Raisch, Sebastian; Krakowski, Sebastian
• "Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation–Augmentation Paradox" (2021)

  (p.8) Automation and augmentation are contradictory, because organizations choose either oneor the other approach to address a given task at a specific point in time. This choice creates a tension, since these AI approaches rely on competing logics with different organizational demands.

• "Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation–Augmentation Paradox" (2021)

• Rampersad, Giselle
• "Robot will take your job: Innovation for an era of artificial intelligence" (2020)

• Reddy, Sandeep; Allan, Sonia; Coghlan, Simon; Cooper, Paul
• "A governance model for the application of AI in health care" (2020)

• Reese, Byron
• The Fourth Age: Smart Robots, Conscious Computers, and the Future of Humanity (2020)

• RestRePo, Pascual; Acemoglu, D
• "The Wrong Kind of AI?" (2020)

• Reyes, Mauricio; Meier, Raphael; Pereira, Sérgio; Silva, Carlos A; Dahlweid, Fried-Michael; von Tengg-Kobligk, Hendrik; Summers, Ronald M; Wiest, Roland
• "On the Interpretability of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Challenges and Opportunities" (2020)

• Roberts, Huw; Cowls, Josh; Morley, Jessica; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Wang, Vincent; Floridi, Luciano
• "The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: an analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation" (2021)

• Rodriguez-Lluesma, Carlos; García-Ruiz, Pablo; Pinto-Garay, Javier
• "The digital transformation of work: A relational view" (2021)

• Rosenblat, Alex
• Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (2019)

• Rosenblat, Alex; Stark, Luke
• "Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber’s drivers" (2016)

• Ross, Andrew
• "The Mental Labor Problem" (2000)

• Russell, Stuart
• "Artificial intelligence: The future is superintelligent" (2017)

• Sachs, Jeffrey D
• "Some Brief Reflections on Digital Technologies and Economic Development" (2019)

• Sachs, Jeffrey D; Kotlikoff, Laurence J
• "Smart Machines and Long-Term Misery" (2012)

  (p.2) what if the Luddites are now getting it right -- not for labor as a whole, but for unskilled labor whose wages are no longer keeping up with the average? Indeed, what if machines are getting so smart, thanks to their microprocessor brains, that they no longer need unskilled labor to operate? Evidence of this is everywhere. Smart machines now collect our highway tolls, check us out at stores, take our blood pressure, massage our backs, give us directions, answer our phones, print our documents, transmit our messages, rock our babies, read our books, turn on our lights, shine our...

• "Smart Machines and Long-Term Misery" (2012)

• Sareeta
• "Why Are Good Jobs Disappearing if Robots Aren’t Taking Them?" (2020)

• Saxena, Ankur; Brault, Nicolas; Rashid, Shazia
• Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Applications (2021)

• Schiller, Amy; McMahon, John
• "Alexa, Alert Me When the Revolution Comes: Gender, Affect, and Labor in the Age of Home-Based Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• Schiller, Dan
• Digital Depression: Information Technology and Economic Crisis (2014)

• Schlogl, Lukas; Weiss, Elias; Prainsack, Barbara
• "Constructing the ‘Future of Work’: An analysis of the policy discourse" (2021)

  (p.14) Our findings show the dominance of a specific narrative within the grey policy literature on FOW. It starts with the assumption of unprecedented, rapid technological advance that, embedded in demographic and ecological transformations as well as globalisation, creates opportunities and risks. The main opportunities are gains in productivity, new jobs and higher living standards. The risks are new inequalities, pressures on social security systems, and the costs of transition and disruption for various groups. The answer to these challenges lies in the re- or upskilling of the workforce and adjustments to social and labour market policies.

• "Constructing the ‘Future of Work’: An analysis of the policy discourse" (2021)

  (p.17) Despite common tendencies and a ‘standard narrative’, which we lay out, there is no consensus in this literature either regarding the problems arising from the FOW or regarding adequate solutions and there arguably cannot be in this ideologically contested policy field. The policy literature in this field is often advocacy for vested interests, even when outputs present themselves as scoping papers or instances of ‘blue sky thinking’. The kind of advice given depends on the type of institution: for instance, consulting firms tend to promote more cheerful, laissez-faire and business-oriented discourse, government actors offer more problem-oriented and interventionist framings. The...

• "Constructing the ‘Future of Work’: An analysis of the policy discourse" (2021)

• Schlund, Rachel; Zitek, Emily
• "Who's My Manager? Surveillance by AI Leads to Perceived Privacy Invasion and Resistance Practices" (2021)

• Schmelzer, Ron
• "The Human-Powered Companies That Make AI Work" (2020)

• Schmidt, Florian A
• "Digital labour markets in the platform economy" (2017)

• Scholl, Keller; Hanson, Robin
• "Testing the Automation Revolution Hypothesis" (2019)

• Schroeder, Jared
• "Hannah Arendt’s machines: Re-Evaluating marketplace theory in the AI era" (2020)

  (p.40) [Arendt's] concerns regarding the role tools have played in damaging the public realm are instructive in considering the growing influence of AI on public discourse in the twenty-first century. Arendt communicated two overlapping concerns regarding the tools homo faber creates. First, that they will ultimately come to condition human life in ways that are destructive to society. She explained, for example, “the machines demand that the laborer serve them, that he adjust the natural rhythm of his body to their mechanical movement.”  Second, they are a destructive force because, in easing the labor of animal laborans, they create a more...

• "Hannah Arendt’s machines: Re-Evaluating marketplace theory in the AI era" (2020)

• Schwab, Klaus
• The Fourth Industrial Revolution (2017)

• Schwab, Klaus; Samans, Richard
• "The Future of Jobs: Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution" (2016)

• Scroggins, Michael J; Pasquetto, Irene V
• "Labor out of place: On the varieties and valences of (in) visible labor in data-intensive science" (2020)

• Seah, Jarrel C Y; Tang, Cyril H M; Buchlak, Quinlan D; Holt, Xavier G; Wardman, Jeffrey B; Aimoldin, Anuar; Esmaili, Nazanin; Ahmad, Hassan; Pham, Hung; Lambert, John F; Hachey, Ben; Hogg, Stephen J F; Johnston, Benjamin P; Bennett, Christine; Oakden-Rayner, Luke; Brotchie, Peter; Jones, Catherine M
• "Effect of a comprehensive deep-learning model on the accuracy of chest x-ray interpretation by radiologists: a retrospective, multireader multicase study" (2021)

• Semin, A N; Örs, A
• "Labor Polarization in the context of Agricultural Robotization in the Middle Urals" (2020)

  (p.9) The general trend in the formation of agricultural labor resources under digital transformation at the present stage is to increase the professional qualification level of workers. This is due to the gradual dwindling of the functions of manual labor and the development of labor skills of interaction and casing of artificial intelligence technologies and the Internet of Things, robotics, and data processing tools. The role of mental labor is significantly increasing in comparison with physical labor, there is an increase in the creative content of labor, a decrease in working time expenditures, a significant simplification of labor and an increase...

• "Labor Polarization in the context of Agricultural Robotization in the Middle Urals" (2020)

• Shen, Chunmiao; Zheng, Jianghuai
• "Does global value chains participation really promote skill-biased technological change? Theory and evidence from China" (2020)

• Shimonski, Robert
• AI in Healthcare: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing IT Operations and Infrastructure Services (2021)

• Sirianni, Carmen; Zuboff, Shoshana
• "In The Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power" (1989)

• Skidelsky, Robert; Craig, Nan
• Work in the Future: The Automation Revolution (2020)

• Smids, Jilles; Nyholm, Sven; Berkers, Hannah
• "Robots in the Workplace: a Threat to—or Opportunity for—Meaningful Work?" (2020)

• Smith, Adrian; Fressoli, Mariano
• "Post-automation" (2021)

• Smith, Chris
• "Flexible Specialisation, Automation and Mass Production" (1989)

• Smith, Jason
• Smart Machines and Service Work (2020)

• Smith, Peter; Smith, Laura
• "Artificial intelligence and disability: too much promise, yet too little substance?" (2021)

• Sorells, Brian
• "WILL ROBOTIZATION REALLY CAUSE TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT? THE RATE AND EXTENT OF POTENTIAL JOB DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY WORKPLACE AUTOMATION" (2018)

• Spencer, David
• "Work in and beyond the Second Machine Age: the politics of production and digital technologies" (2017)

• Spencer, David A
• "Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work" (2018)

• Steinberg, Marc
• "From Automobile Capitalism to Platform Capitalism: Toyotism as a prehistory of digital platforms" (2021)

• Stephany, Fabian; Lorenz, Hanno
• "The Future of Employment Revisited: How Model Selection Determines Automation Forecasts" (2021)

• Stiegler, Bernard
• L'emploi est mort, vive le travail !: Entretien avec Ariel Kyrou (2015)

• La société automatique: 1. L'avenir du travail (2015)

• Stone, Peter; Brooks, Rodney; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Calo, Ryan; Etzioni, Oren; Hager, Greg; Hirschberg, Julia; Kalyanakrishnan, Shivaram; Kamar, Ece; Kraus, Sarit; Leyton-Brown, Kevin; Parkes, David; William Press; Saxenian, Annalee; Shah, Julie; Tambe, Milind; Teller, Astro
• "Artificial Intelligence and life in 2030: the one hundred year study on artificial intelligence" (2016)

  (p.38) There are clear examples of industries in which digital technologies have had profound impacts, good and bad, and other sectors in which automation will likely make major changes in the near future. Many of these changes have been driven strongly by “routine” digital technologies, including enterprise resource planning, networking, information processing, and search. Understanding these changes should provide insights into how AI will affect future labor demand, including the shift in skill demands. To date, digital technologies have been affecting workers more in the skilled middle, such as travel agents, rather than the very lowest-skilled or highest skilled work. On...

• "Artificial Intelligence and life in 2030: the one hundred year study on artificial intelligence" (2016)

  (p.8) Social and political decisions are likewise at play in AI’s influences on Employment and Workplace trends, such as the safety nets needed to protect people from structural changes in the economy. AI is poised to replace people in certain kinds of jobs, such as in the driving of taxis and trucks. However, in many realms, AI will likely replace tasks rather than jobs in the near term, and will also create new kinds of jobs. But the new jobs that will emerge are harder to imagine in advance than the existing jobs that will likely be lost. AI will also...

• "Artificial Intelligence and life in 2030: the one hundred year study on artificial intelligence" (2016)

• Strickland, Eliza
• "IBM Watson, heal thyself: How IBM overpromised and underdelivered on AI health care" (2019)

• Sudmann, Andreas
• The Democratization of Artificial Intelligence: Net Politics in the Era of Learning Algorithms (2019)

• Susskind, Daniel
• A World Without Work: Technology, Automation and How We Should Respond (2020)

• Susskind, Richard
• "The Future of Law, Revisited" (2017)

• Tomorrow's lawyers: An introduction to your future (2017)

• Susskind, Richard; Susskind, Daniel
• The Future of the Professions (2015)

• Sánchez-Monedero, Javier; Dencik, Lina
• "The datafication of the workplace" (n.d.)

• Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano
• "How AI can be a force for good" (2018)

• Talwar, Rohit; Wells, Steve; Whittington, Alexandra; Koury, April; Romero, Maria
• Beyond Genuine Stupidity: Ensuring AI Serves Humanity (2017)

• Terranova, Tiziana
• "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy" (2000)

• The Automation Charade
• "The Automation Charade" (n.d.)

• Theory, Culture; Society
• "Review: Aaron Bastani, ‘Fully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto’" (2020)

• Thomas, Suzanne L; Nafus, Dawn; Sherman, Jamie
• "Algorithms as fetish: Faith and possibility in algorithmic work" (2018)

• Tiziano Bonini; Alessandro Gandini
• "Invisible, solidary, unbranded and passionate: everyday life as a freelance and precarious worker in four Italian radio stations" (2016)

• Todolí-Signes, Adrián
• "Algorithms, artificial intelligence and automated decisions concerning workers and the risks of discrimination: the necessary collective governance of data protection" (2019)

• Tolan, Songül; Pesole, Annarosa; Martínez-Plumed, Fernando; Fernández-Macías, Enrique; Hernández-Orallo, José; Gómez, Emilia
• "Measuring the Occupational Impact of AI: Tasks, Cognitive Abilities and AI Benchmarks" (2021)

• Torrejón Pérez, Sergio; González Vázquez, Ignacio
• "The impact of technology on the present and the future of work and skills" (2021)

• Toward AI Economy that works for All
• "Toward AI Economy that works for All" (n.d.)

• Towards an AI Economy That Works for All
• "Towards an AI Economy That Works for All" (n.d.)

• Trewin, Shari
• "AI Fairness for People with Disabilities: Point of View" (2018)

• Tschang, Feichin Ted; Mezquita, Esteve Almirall
• "Artificial Intelligence as Augmenting Automation: Implications for Employment" (2020)

• Tucker, Catherine
• "Privacy, Algorithms, and Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• Upchurch, Martin
• "Robots and AI at work: the prospects for singularity" (2018)

  (p.206) Apart from the effect on jobs, debate has focused on the disruptive and potentially transformative effect of robotics and AI not only on the world of work but society more generally. We have seen the introduction of new concepts fed by knowledge- based digital work such as ‘immaterial’ (Hardt and Negri, 2000) or ‘free’ labour (Terranova, 2003), as well as a description of a new form of ‘technological singularity’. Singularity refers to an end- point which, in the words of Good (1965) envisages a world where everything is done and made by an ultra- intelligent machine able to ‘surpass all...

• "Robots and AI at work: the prospects for singularity" (2018)

  (p.207) A runaway process is predicated on the notion of ‘accelerating change’, whereby information technology has a special effect in inducing an unstoppable and unquestionable transformation of work. It depends on a sup-posed autonomy (Ellul, 1964: 14) in the application and effect of technology which then produces its ‘runaway’ quality (Heidegger, 1977: 17). In such fashion, technological singularity would be inevitable and simply a matter of time. Runaway and accelerating change have also been pertinent to longer term debates on the allegedly ‘special’ nature of information and communication technologies. Anthony Giddens (1999) has been most prominent in promoting such a perspective....

• "Robots and AI at work: the prospects for singularity" (2018)

  (p.215) Predictions of the end of the human job because of replacement by robots and AI are lacking in sufficient analysis and evidence that cover the technical, social and economic effects. References to the 1920s/1930s, 1950s, 1970s and 1990s suggest that predictions of emerging technological singularity proved to be false dawns. Many of the ‘end of work’ scenarios, from J. M. Keynes, through Toffler, Gorz and Mason rest their case on ever expanding productivity resulting from computerisation, information technology, digitalisation or robotics/AI. Yet, aside from the ‘Golden Age’ of the 1950s and 1960s, we see declining rather than increasing productivity as...

• "Robots and AI at work: the prospects for singularity" (2018)

• Vercellone, Carlo
• "From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism" (2007)

• Verdugo, Gregory
• "Les robots sont-ils les ennemis de nos salaires ?" (2021)

• Vermeulen, Ben; Pyka, Andreas; Saviotti, Pier Paolo
• "A taxonomic structural change perspective on the economic impact of robots and artificial intelligence on creative work" (2020)

• Vieweg, Stefan H
• AI for the Good: Artificial Intelligence and Ethics (2021)

• Vochozka, M; Kliestik, T; Kliestikova, J; others
• "Participating in a highly automated society: How artificial intelligence disrupts the job market" (2018)

• Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent; Floridi, Luciano
• "Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics" (2017)

• Wadley, David
• "Technology, capital substitution and labor dynamics: global workforce disruption in the 21st century?" (2021)

• Wajcman, Judy
• "Automation: is it really different this time?" (2017)

• Wald, Mike
• "AI Data-Driven Personalisation and Disability Inclusion" (2021)

• Walton, Nigel; Nayak, Bhabani Shankar
• "Rethinking of Marxist perspectives on big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and capitalist economic development" (2021)

  (p.2) Major changes have occurred during the last few decades as a new economic landscape has emerged that is fundamentally different to the industrial capitalist era in which Karl Marx wrote his most important seminal work. The era of the mid to late 1800s was undergoing its own industrial revolution as steam power, factories, canals and railways became the new innovations driving social and economic change. In the twenty first century, however, new Internet technologies, personal and mobile computing, digitisation, GPS and smartphones have created a completely new “industrial” landscape where one of the greatest innovations has been the creation of...

• "Rethinking of Marxist perspectives on big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and capitalist economic development" (2021)

  (p.7) These AI-driven processes have made work less repetitive and arduous with the use of robotics, thereby allowing the worker to upskill and carry out more rewarding and better paid tasks. Rather than displacing workers, this has resulted in the evolution of work by helping people to do their work to a higher standard and to perform more meaningful tasks.

• "Rethinking of Marxist perspectives on big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and capitalist economic development" (2021)

• Wang, Qi; Liu, Xuanqi; Huang, Kewei
• "Displaced or Augmented? How does Artificial Intelligence Affect Our Jobs: Evidence from LinkedIn" (2019)

• Warhurst, Chris; Hunt, Wil
• "The digitalisation of future work and employment: Possible impact and policy responses" (2019)

• Webster, Craig; Ivanov, Stanislav
• "Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and the Evolving Nature of Work" (2020)

• West, Darrell M
• The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation (2018)

• The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation (2018)

• Wexler, Steven
• "(I’m)Material Labor in the Digital Age" (2009)

• Whitehead, Beth; Andrews, Deborah; Shah, Amip; Maidment, Graeme
• "Assessing the environmental impact of data centres part 1: Background, energy use and metrics" (2014)

• Whittaker, Meredith; Alper, Meryl; Bennett, Cynthia L; Hendren, Sara; Kaziunas, Liz; Mills, Mara; Morris, Meredith Ringel; Rankin, Joy; Rogers, Emily; Salas, Marcel; Others,
• "Disability, bias, and AI" (2019)

• Wilson, Nikaela; Syed, Habeebullah Hussaini
• "Employees Relevancy Following The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI)" (2021)

• Winter, Heinz
• "Artificial intelligence in man-machine systems and automation" (n.d.)

• Wisskirchen, G; Biacabe, B T; Bormann, U; others
• "Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace" (2017)

• Wittel, Andreas
• "Digital Marx: Toward a Political Economy of Distributed Media" (2016)

• Wright, Scott A; Schultz, Ainslie E
• "The rising tide of artificial intelligence and business automation: Developing an ethical framework" (2018)

• Wulff, Kristin; Finnestrand, Hanne
• "Creating meaningful work in the age of AI: explainable AI, explainability, and why it matters to organizational designers" (2023)

• Xie, Mengmeng; Ding, Lin; Xia, Yan; Guo, Jianfeng; Pan, Jiaofeng; Wang, Huijuan
• "Does artificial intelligence affect the pattern of skill demand? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms" (2021)

  (p.303) The results of the empirical analysisdemonstrate that AI has a strong impact upon relative skill demand. First, AI adoption in Chinese manufacturingfirms reduces the relative demandfor low-skilled labor by twice as much as it increases the relative demandfor high-skilled labor, and the longer the time since the adoption of AI,the greater the impact upon the relative demand for skills. 

• "Does artificial intelligence affect the pattern of skill demand? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms" (2021)

  (p.304) In the long run, the application of AI is an inevitable trend which willimprove the firm-level labor skills. Comparing with some developed countries where AI has no significant impact on high-skilled employment, the developing countries represented by China should pay more attention to the adverse effects brought by the polarization of employment. Since the damaging effects of AI on the employment of low-skilled workers first occur in high-tech enterprises, which are mostly concentrated in the eastern region of China, policy-makers should focusmore on the employment of low-skilled labor of high-tech enterprises inthe eastern region. Policies aimed at improving the employment...

• "Does artificial intelligence affect the pattern of skill demand? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms" (2021)

• Yang, Yu
• "Analysis of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Development on Employment" (2020)

• Yun, Hing Ai
• "Automation and New Work Patterns: Cases from Singapore's Electronics Industry" (1995)

• Zhang, Xuemei
• "Robots and Institutional Reform" (2021)

• Zhang, Yunan
• "Is Automation Destroying the Labor Market in Developing Countries?: Evidence from China" (2021)

• Zhou, Ji; Li, Peigen; Zhou, Yanhong; Wang, Baicun; Zang, Jiyuan; Meng, Liu
• "Toward New-Generation Intelligent Manufacturing" (2018)

• Zoller, D
• "Skilled Perception, Authenticity, and the Case Against Automation" (2017)

  (p.7) Crowell offers a way to defend the goodness of a limited, skilled perceptual life in terms of Korsgaard’s concept of “practical identities”: this is to say that, while I am of course a human being in general, I consider and value myself more specifically as a parent, as a professor, etc.; my particular roles permit me to value and understand my life and agency. On Crowell’s model, what it means to “be” some practical identity—say, a parent—is precisely having and following out the skilled, trained perceptions particular to parenting. Like Sennett and Crawford, Crowell considers that in much daily activity,...

• "Skilled Perception, Authenticity, and the Case Against Automation" (2017)

• Zuboff, Shoshana
• "Computer-Mediated Work" (2013)

• Zuboff, Shoshanah
• Psychological and Organizational Implications of Computer-mediated Work (1981)

• van Dijck, José; Poell, Thomas; de Waal, Martijn
• The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World (2018)

• van Esch, Patrick; Stewart Black, J; Franklin, Drew; Harder, Mark
• "AI-enabled biometrics in recruiting: Insights from marketers for managers" (2020)

• van Wynsberghe, Aimee
• "Sustainable AI: AI for sustainability and the sustainability of AI" (2021)

• von Krogh, Georg
• "Artificial Intelligence in Organizations: New Opportunities for Phenomenon-Based Theorizing" (2018)

  (p.406) By gradually uncovering AI as a fundamentally organisational phenomenon, we may distringuish and offer tentative explanations of the emergence and interaction of human and machine authority regimes in organisations.

• "Artificial Intelligence in Organizations: New Opportunities for Phenomenon-Based Theorizing" (2018)

• Özkiziltan, Didem; Hassel, Anke
• "Artificial Intelligence at Work: An Overview of the Literature" (2021)

• Öztürk, Deniz
• "What Does Artificial Intelligence Mean for Organizations? A Systematic Review of Organization Studies Research and a Way Forward" (2021)

• Østerlund, Carsten; Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Willis, Matthew; Boyd, Karen; Wolf, Christine
• "Artificial intelligence and the world of work, a co‐constitutive relationship" (2020)

  (p.1) Artificial intelligence (AI) and its relation to work have become central in our cultural discourse, clear to even a casual reader of contemporary news and media outlets.Technological breakthroughs in the field of AI promise to change the way we organize work (Davenport & Kirby, 2016). The artful integration of AI and work, however,remains an open challenge. There is currently limited empirical understanding and research to guide the information community in this area—for example, labor, motivation, cognition, machine learning, data science, human-computer interaction, and information science, among others—in coherent ways. Such interdisciplinarity is necessary if we are to push beyond assumptions and hype to open up possibilities for diverse and inclusive...

• "Artificial intelligence and the world of work, a co‐constitutive relationship" (2020)

  (p.3) Exploring AI futures and affordances entails an understanding of not only AI in the world of work but equally important, the world of work in AI. The world of work sneaks into AI in the form of big data feeding the algorithms, data management activities, the bias of past practices, ethics, and governance.

• "Artificial intelligence and the world of work, a co‐constitutive relationship" (2020)

• Švarc, Jadranka; Dabić, Marina
• "The digitalisation of work: Which way forward?" (2021)