Automation
• Algorithms

References for Theme: Algorithms

• Alkhatib, Ali; Bernstein, Michael S; Levi, Margaret
• "Examining Crowd Work and Gig Work Through The Historical Lens of Piecework" (2017)

• Aneesh, A
• "Global Labor: Algocratic Modes of Organization" (2009)

• Beer, David
• "The social power of algorithms" (2017)

• Celentano, Denise
• "‘Be your own boss’? Normative concerns of algorithmic management in the gig economy: reclaiming agency at work through algorithmic counter-tactics" (2023)

• Codagnone, Cristiano; Abadie, Fabienne; Biagi, Federico
• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.12) As put by economist Timothy Taylor in his blog (Taylor, 2015), the use of the ‘sharing economy’ expression to refer to various commercial platforms is a ‘triumph of public relations artistry’ (he would rather use ‘the matching economy’). This consideration clearly applies to digital labour markets and it would suffice to observe their revenues and market evaluation; unlike community-based ‘time banking’ digital platforms where ‘true’ sharing can occur, commercial initiatives such as TaskRabbit fail to cater for less advantaged members of the community (Thebault-Spieker, et al., 2015). The same goes for the ‘crowd working’ or ‘crowd employment’ labels resounding the...

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.55) The enactment of some form of regulation to establish the proposed portability of benefits would already represent a positive step forward to ensure more dignified conditions for workers in digital labour markets; various analysts, however, consider it insufficient in view of the facts that earnings are at times too low in the absence of any minimum wage rules, the flow of work is unstable and no employment benefits exists, there are clear information and power asymmetries, no protection against privacy violations, and various forms of information or reputation-based ethnic and gender discriminatory mechanisms occur unregulated.

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.9) As recounted by Schwartz (2015) in a piece tellingly titled ‘Human pretending to be computers pretending to be human’, in 1770 Wolfgang von Kempelen presented in Vienna to Empress Maria Theresa a sort of robot (see picture) that could beat humans at playing chess; he called it the ‘Turk’. The ‘Turk’ toured Europe and evoked contrasting responses, as some were ready to admit and welcome that machines were surpassing humans but many opposed this view. Although the Turk included a ‘labyrinth of levers, cogs and clockwork machinery’ obviously it was not using any algorithm and was operated by a person...

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’" (2016)

• Codagnone, Cristiano; Biagi, Federico; Abadie, Fabienne
• "The passions and the interests: Unpacking the'sharing economy'" (2016)

• Danaher, John
• "The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation" (2016)

• "Freedom in an Age of Algocracy" (n.d.)

• Danaher, John; Hogan, Michael J; Noone, Chris; Kennedy, Rónán; Behan, Anthony; De Paor, Aisling; Felzmann, Heike; Haklay, Muki; Khoo, Su-Ming; Morison, John; Murphy, Maria Helen; O'Brolchain, Niall; Schafer, Burkhard; Shankar, Kalpana
• "Algorithmic governance: Developing a research agenda through the power of collective intelligence" (2017)

• De Stefano, Valerio
• "Algorithmic Bosses and What to Do About Them: Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Labour Protection" (2020)

• Duggan, James; Sherman, Ultan; Carbery, Ronan; McDonnell, Anthony
• "Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM" (2020)

• D’Agostino, Marcello; Durante, Massimo
• "Introduction: the Governance of Algorithms" (2018)

• Fricano, Alessandro
• "“Algocracy”: the decline of representative democracy" (n.d.)

• Gal, Uri; Jensen, Tina Blegind; Stein, Mari-Klara
• "Breaking the vicious cycle of algorithmic management: A virtue ethics approach to people analytics" (2020)

• Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Newlands, Gemma; Lee, Min Kyung; Wolf, Christine T; Kinder, Eliscia; Sutherland, Will
• "Algorithmic management in a work context" (2021)

• Kuhn, Kristine M
• "The Rise of the “Gig Economy” and Implications for Understanding Work and Workers" (2016)

• Kässi, Otto; Lehdonvirta, Vili
• "Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research" (2018)

• Lee, Min Kyung
• "Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management" (2018)

• Lee, Min Kyung; Kusbit, Daniel; Metsky, Evan; Dabbish, Laura
• "Working with Machines: The Impact of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Management on Human Workers" (2015)

• Leicht-Deobald, Ulrich; Busch, Thorsten; Schank, Christoph; Weibel, Antoinette; Schafheitle, Simon; Wildhaber, Isabelle; Kasper, Gabriel
• "The Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity" (2019)

• Lillywhite, Aspen; Wolbring, Gregor
• "Coverage of ethics within the artificial intelligence and machine learning academic literature: The case of disabled people" (2019)

• Moniz, António B; Krings, Bettina-Johanna
• "Robots Working with Humans or Humans Working with Robots? Searching for Social Dimensions in New Human-Robot Interaction in Industry" (2016)

• Nakamura, Karen
• "My Algorithms Have Determined You're Not Human: AI-ML, Reverse Turing-Tests, and the Disability Experience" (2019)

• Neves, Ianaira Barretto Souza; Vianna, Fernando Ressetti Pinheiro Marques; do Nascimento Sutil, Bruno
• "Algocracy: A critical analysis on management mediated by algorithms" (2021)

• Nuñez, Juan Pedro
• "Beyond the Algorithms Are Consciousness and Freedom" (2020)

• Obermeyer, Ziad; Powers, Brian; Vogeli, Christine; Mullainathan, Sendhil
• "Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations" (2019)

• Packin, Nizan Geslevich
• "Disability Discrimination Using AI Systems, Social Media and Digital Platforms: Can We Disable Digital Bias?" (n.d.)

• Romele, Alberto; Terrone, Enrico
• Towards a Philosophy of Digital Media (2018)

• Rosenblat, Alex
• Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (2019)

• Rosenblat, Alex; Stark, Luke
• "Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber’s drivers" (2016)

• Schmidt, Florian A
• "Digital labour markets in the platform economy" (2017)

• Schuppli, Susan
• "“Deadly Algorithms: Can Legal Codes hold Software accountable for Code that Kills?”" (2014)

• Schwartz, David
• "Embedded in the Crowd: Creative Freelancers, Crowdsourced Work, and Occupational Community" (2018)

• Shestakofsky, Benjamin
• "Working Algorithms: Software Automation and the Future of Work" (2017)

• Smids, Jilles; Nyholm, Sven; Berkers, Hannah
• "Robots in the Workplace: a Threat to—or Opportunity for—Meaningful Work?" (2020)

• Smith, Peter; Smith, Laura
• "Artificial intelligence and disability: too much promise, yet too little substance?" (2021)

• Thomas, Suzanne L; Nafus, Dawn; Sherman, Jamie
• "Algorithms as fetish: Faith and possibility in algorithmic work" (2018)

• Trewin, Shari
• "AI Fairness for People with Disabilities: Point of View" (2018)

• Vandekerckhove, Wim
• "The Business of Algorithms" (2019)

• Wald, Mike
• "AI Data-Driven Personalisation and Disability Inclusion" (2021)

• White, Jason J G
• "Fairness of AI for people with disabilities: problem analysis and interdisciplinary collaboration" (2020)

• Whittaker, Meredith; Alper, Meryl; Bennett, Cynthia L; Hendren, Sara; Kaziunas, Liz; Mills, Mara; Morris, Meredith Ringel; Rankin, Joy; Rogers, Emily; Salas, Marcel; Others,
• "Disability, bias, and AI" (2019)

• Wood, Alex J; Graham, Mark; Lehdonvirta, Vili; Hjorth, Isis
• "Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy" (2019)

  (p.64) A far more effective means of control was the ‘algorithmic management’ enabled by platform-based rating and reputation systems (Lee et al., 2015; Rosenblat and Stark, 2016). Workers were rated by their clients following the completion of tasks. Workers with the best scores and the most experience tended to receive more work due to clients’ preferences and the platforms’ algorithmic ranking of workers within search results. This form of control was very effective, as informants stressed the importance of maintaining a high average rating and good accuracy scores. Whereas Uber’s algorithmic management ‘deactivates’ (dismisses) workers with ratings deemed low (Rosenblat and...

• "Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy" (2019)

• "Networked but Commodified: The (Dis)Embeddedness of Digital Labour in the Gig Economy" (2019)

• Wood, Alex J; Lehdonvirta, Vili; Graham, Mark
• "Workers of the Internet unite? Online freelancer organisation among remote gig economy workers in six Asian and African countries" (2018)

• Woodcock, Jamie; Graham, Mark
• The Gig Economy (2019)