References for Theme: Employment
- Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
(p.10) [C]ontrary to a common presumption in popular debates, it is not the “brilliant” automation technologies that threaten employment and wages, but “so-so technologies” that generate small productivity improvements. This is because the positive productivity effect of so-so technologies is not sufficient to offset the decline in labor demand due to displacement.
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
(p.4) The history of technology is not only about the displacement of human labor by automation technologies. If it were, we would be confined to a shrinking set of old tasks and jobs, with a steadily declining labor share in national income. Instead, the displacement effect of automation has been counterbalanced by technologies that create new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. Such new tasks generate not only a positive productivity effect, but also a reinstatement effect—they reinstate labor into a broader range of tasks and thus change the task content of production in favor of labor. The reinstatement effect is the polaropposite of the...
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
(p.27) contrary to popular claims that the future of labour is threatened by “brilliant” new technologies, the greater danger for labour comes from technology that is not raising productivity sufficiently. In particular, if new automation technologies are not great but just “so-so” (just good enough to be adopted but not so much more productive than the labour they are replacing), there is a double jeopardy for labour—there is a displacement effect, taking passed away from labour, but no powerful productivity gains redressing some of the decline in labour demand generated by the displacement effects.
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
(p.29) Most AI researchers and economists studying its consequences view it as a way of automating yet more tasks. No doubt, AI has this capability, and most of its applications to date have been of this mould—for example, image recognition, speech recognition, translation, accounting, recommendation systems and customer support. But we do not need to accept this as the primary way that AI can be and indeed ought to be used. [...] Since AI is not just a narrow set of technologies with specific, pre-determined applications and functionalities but a technology platform, it can be deployed for much more than automation; it can be used to restructure the production process in a way that...
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
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"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets"
(2020)
- Adams, Abi
- Barbieri, Laura; Mussida, Chiara; Piva, Mariacristina; Vivarelli, Marco
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"Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues"
(2019)
(p.2) The fear of technological unemployment has been accompanying the great innovative waves. However, in the history of humanity, periods of intensive automation have often coincided with the emergence of new jobs, tasks, activities and industries. Indeed, the challenging question is related to the overall sign of the relationship between technological change and labor: is technology labor-friendly or is it labor-threatening?
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"Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues"
(2019)
- Benzell, Seth G; Kotlikoff, Laurence J; LaGarda, Guillermo; Sachs, Jeffrey D
- Bruun, Edvard P G; Duka, Alban
- Chan, Lap Ki; Pawlina, Wojciech
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"Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?"
(2020)
(p.6) As time progresses, artificial intelligent systems should become better and more flexible by incorporating changes in the academic culture and learning preferences of new generations of students (Baker, 2016). Robots are developing their human touch too. Robots that can recognize emotional states are currently in development (Azuar et al., 2019; Yu and Tapus, 2019). Only time will tell what robots with deep learning ability will be capable of, and whether they will be artificially intelligent and we anatomists remain naturally stupid. It is too early to say that anatomy educators are safe from losing their jobs to robots. However, this...
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"Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?"
(2020)
- Coombs, Crispin
- Davenport, T; Guha, A; Grewal, D; Bressgott, T
- De Witte, Marco; Steijn, Bram
- Diebolt, Vincent; Azancot, Isaac; Boissel, François-Henri; Adenot, Isabelle; Balague, Christine; Barthélémy, Philippe; Boubenna, Nacer; Coulonjou, Hélène; Fernandez, Xosé; Habran, Enguerrand; Lethiec, Françoise; Longin, Juliette; Metzinger, Anne; Merlière, Yvon; Pham, Emmanuel; Philip, Pierre; Roche, Thomas; Saurin, William; Tirel, Anny; Voisin, Emmanuelle; Marchal, Thierry
- Ehrenreich, Barbara
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Nickel-and-dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America
(2001)
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Nickel and Dimed: Undercover in Low-wage America
(2002)
- Frank, Morgan R; Autor, David; Bessen, James E; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Cebrian, Manuel; Deming, David J; Feldman, Maryann; Groh, Matthew; Lobo, José; Moro, Esteban; Wang, Dashun; Youn, Hyejin; Rahwan, Iyad
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
(p.6535) Recent studies show that historical technology-driven trends may not capture the AI-driven trends we face today. Consequently, some have concluded that AI is a fundamentally new technology (3, 65). If the trends of the past are not predictive of the employment trends from current or future technologies, then how can policy makers maintain and create new employment opportunities in the face of AI? What features of a labor market lead to generalized labor resilience to technological change?
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
(p.6536) The impact of AI and automation will vary greatly across geography, which has implications for the labor force, urban–rural discrepancies, and changes in the income distribution. The study of AI and automation are largely focused on national employment trends and national wealth disparity. However, recent work demonstrates that some places (e.g., cities) are more susceptible to technological change than others. Occupations form a network of dependencies which constrain how easily jobs can be replaced by technology. Therefore, the health of the aggregate labor market may depend on the impact of technology on specific urban and rural labor markets.
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
- Glaeser, Edward
- Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein
- Kim, Tae Wan; Scheller-Wolf, Alan
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"Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders"
(2019)
(p.322) Many participants in recent public discussions about the coming workforce transformation focus only on the economic sustenance of displaced workers in our envisioned future society; there is a consensus on the need for a proper (re)distributive scheme to ensure societal stability. This will be some form of a basic income guarantee, usually defined as “an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement” (Van Parijs 2004, p. 8). In a similar manner, a “negative income tax” (people whose income is below some amount receive cash from the government...
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"Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders"
(2019)
- Klumpp, Matthias
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
(p.223) Again, workload and conditions (time schedule) as well as appreciations from managers, customers, fellow workers, and traffic participants are important for drivers.This could lead to the proposition that positive human–artificial collaboration may even be easier if AI application learn to accolade and praise human co-workers in any form in order to show some appreciation for their input. This could be implemented for example within voice communication between drivers and Ai applications
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
(p.226) Between ever-increasing expectations and requirements and real human competence levels a ‘gap’is developing as required training for humans has for each and every person to start anew – learningcannot be automated for human workers: Longer education and training programmes are needed in order to arrive at required higher competence levels for a modern-day logistics and business environment. This constitutes a knowledge accumulation gap (grey field in Figure 2) that arises due to thefact that humans are not able to accumulate knowledge over generations – as opposed to machinesand computers which are able to do so.
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
- Mahroof, Kamran
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"A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse"
(2019)
(p.185) Another key theme gleaned from the analysis was the psychological impact of technology adoption, particularly AI as it can be at the expense of people. A manager provides some further insight into the psychological elements management encounter: ‘They amass experience which gives them the edge, ability of a TM to look at a warehouse full of pallets to say, I need 15 people and 3 h to shift that… that is purely experience. We put a system in and a report can tell you that. That’s a massive hit for someone. That first barrier is biggest’. If AI and automation...
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"A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse"
(2019)
- Marx, Matt
- McDonnell, Joseph W
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"Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence"
(2019)
(p.10) Artificial intelligence has the power to change the nature of work for many people, but the pace of adoption and the extent of the disruption are still the subject of debate. A rapid adoption of autonomous self-driving vehicles, for instance, could dramatically displace millions of workers, but a more gradual and partial adoption, especially in a growing economy, will have far less impact on drivers.
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"Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence"
(2019)
- Moretti, Enrico
- Pepito, Joseph Andrew; Locsin, Rozzano
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"Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?"
(2019)
(p.109) Technological breakthroughs occur at an ever-increasing rate thereby revolutionizing human health and wellness care. Technological advancements have drastically changed the structure and organization of the healthcare industry. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that 800 million workers worldwide could be replaced by robots by the year 2030. There is already a robotic revolution happening in healthcare wherein robots have made tasks and procedures more efficient and safer. Locsin and Ito has addressed the threat to nursing practice with human nurses being replaced by humanoid robots. Routine nursing care dictated solely by prescribed procedures and accomplishment of nursing tasks would be best performed...
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"Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?"
(2019)
- Schaff, Kory
- Tcherneva, Pavlina R
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"Keynes's Approach to Full Employment: Aggregate or Targeted Demand?"
(2008)
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"Full Employment, Inflation and Income Distribution"
(2014)
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The Case for a Job Guarantee
(2020)
- Tuckman, Alan
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
(p.47) The question of working time has been central to the debate around the emergence anddevelopment of modern industrial society casting a mask of progress over our perception of thehistorical. Such a linear temporality appears reflected in Marx’s view of history as progressionthrough the development of modes of production: primitive communism through feudalism andcapitalism to communism. It may also be represented by the centrality of ‘labour time’ within hisanalysis where moves to a reduction of the working week – as in some general ethos of socialprogress - might seem the measure of improvement in working conditions.
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
(p.49) The analysis of labour time as a commodity opens areas of understanding ofconflicts and tensions made transparent through the idea of partial commodification with adifferent articulation of the subordination of labour to capital taking shape in the encroachment ofthe demands of commodified time into free time. In beginning to address this contradiction, wemust note that a feature of the emergence of industrial capitalism – in the commodification oflabour - took labour outside the domestic setting placing it spatially within the factory and in theoffice. It also located that labour temporally in the construction of a distinction between ‘workingtime’ and ‘free...
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
- Vochozka, M; Kliestik, T; Kliestikova, J; others
- Wray, L Randall; Randall Wray, L
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