References for Theme: Employment
- Abuselidze, G; Mamaladze, L
- Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
(p.10) [C]ontrary to a common presumption in popular debates, it is not the “brilliant” automation technologies that threaten employment and wages, but “so-so technologies” that generate small productivity improvements. This is because the positive productivity effect of so-so technologies is not sufficient to offset the decline in labor demand due to displacement.
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
(p.4) The history of technology is not only about the displacement of human labor by automation technologies. If it were, we would be confined to a shrinking set of old tasks and jobs, with a steadily declining labor share in national income. Instead, the displacement effect of automation has been counterbalanced by technologies that create new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. Such new tasks generate not only a positive productivity effect, but also a reinstatement effect—they reinstate labor into a broader range of tasks and thus change the task content of production in favor of labor. The reinstatement effect is the polaropposite of the...
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"Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor"
(2019)
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
(p.27) contrary to popular claims that the future of labour is threatened by “brilliant” new technologies, the greater danger for labour comes from technology that is not raising productivity sufficiently. In particular, if new automation technologies are not great but just “so-so” (just good enough to be adopted but not so much more productive than the labour they are replacing), there is a double jeopardy for labour—there is a displacement effect, taking passed away from labour, but no powerful productivity gains redressing some of the decline in labour demand generated by the displacement effects.
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
(p.29) Most AI researchers and economists studying its consequences view it as a way of automating yet more tasks. No doubt, AI has this capability, and most of its applications to date have been of this mould—for example, image recognition, speech recognition, translation, accounting, recommendation systems and customer support. But we do not need to accept this as the primary way that AI can be and indeed ought to be used. [...] Since AI is not just a narrow set of technologies with specific, pre-determined applications and functionalities but a technology platform, it can be deployed for much more than automation; it can be used to restructure the production process in a way that...
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"The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand"
(2019)
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"Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets"
(2020)
- Adams, Abi
- Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua S; Goldfarb, Avi
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"Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction"
(2019)
(p.34) Overall, we cannot assess the net effect of artificial intelligence on labor as a whole, even in the short run. Instead, most applications of artificial intelligence have multiple forces that impact jobs, both increasing and decreasing the demand for labor. The net effect is an empirical question and will vary across applications and industries.
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"Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction"
(2019)
(p.47) For any given worker, a key predictor of whether artificial intelligence will substitute for their job is the degree to which the core skill they bring to the job involves prediction. Transcription jobs are being automated as the core skill of that labor is predicting which words to type upon hearing a recording. For London taxi drivers, when artificial intelligence was employed to predict the optimal route through the city’s streets, their jobs were put at risk (though other drivers’ labor became augmented). Artificial intelligence does not fit easily into existing analyses of the effect of automation on labor markets....
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"Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction"
(2019)
- Autor, D; Salomons, A
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"Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share"
(2018)
(p.4) Whether technological progress ultimately proves employment- or labor-share-displacing depends proximately on two factors: how technological innovations shape employment and labor’s share of value-added directly in the industries where they occur; and how these direct effects are augmented or offset by employment and labor-share changes elsewhere in the economy that are indirectly spurred by these same technological forces. The first of these phenomena—the direct effect of technological progress on employment and labor-share in the specific settings in which it occurs—is often readily observable, and we suspect that observationof these direct labor-displacing effects shapes theoretical and empirical study of the aggregate impact of technological progress. The indirect effects of...
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"Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share"
(2018)
- Autor, David
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"Polanyi's Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth"
(2014)
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"Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation"
(2015)
(p.26) Major newspaper stories offer fresh examples daily of technologies that substitute for human labor in an expanding—although still circumscribed—set of tasks. The offsetting effects of complementarities and rising demand in other areas are, however, far harder to identify as they occur. My own prediction is that employment polarization will not continue indefinitely (as argued in Autor 2013). While some of the tasks in many current middle-skill jobs are susceptible to automation, many middle-skill jobs will continue to demand a mixture of tasks from across the skill spectrum. For example, medical support occupations—radiology technicians, phlebotomists, nurse technicians, and others—are a significant and rapidly growing category of relatively...
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"Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation"
(2015)
(p.6) Given that these technologies demonstrably succeed in their labor saving objective and, moreover, that we invent many more labor-saving technologies all the time, should we not be somewhat surprised that technological change hasn’t already wiped out employment for the vast majority of workers? Why doesn’t automation necessarily reduce aggregate employment, even as it demonstrably reduces labor requirements per unit of output produced? These questions underline an economic reality that is as fundamental as it is overlooked: tasks that cannot be substituted by automation are generally complemented by it. Most work processes draw upon a multifaceted set of inputs: labor and...
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"Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation"
(2015)
- Autor, David H
- Barbieri, Laura; Mussida, Chiara; Piva, Mariacristina; Vivarelli, Marco
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"Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues"
(2019)
(p.2) The fear of technological unemployment has been accompanying the great innovative waves. However, in the history of humanity, periods of intensive automation have often coincided with the emergence of new jobs, tasks, activities and industries. Indeed, the challenging question is related to the overall sign of the relationship between technological change and labor: is technology labor-friendly or is it labor-threatening?
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"Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues"
(2019)
- Benzell, Seth G; Kotlikoff, Laurence J; LaGarda, Guillermo; Sachs, Jeffrey D
- Bruun, Edvard P G; Duka, Alban
- Campbell, Iain; Price, Robin
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"Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualisation"
(2016)
(p.316) The underlying issue explored here concerns the implications of precarious work forindividual workers – their physical, mental and social well-being and also, more broadly,their agency and the way in which they integrate paid work into other domains of sociallife. To what extent is the precariousness of work transmitted to the worker? This difficult but important area requires careful conceptualisation in order to extend research onprecarious work and develop policies to combat its effects.
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"Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualisation"
(2016)
- Chan, Lap Ki; Pawlina, Wojciech
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"Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?"
(2020)
(p.6) As time progresses, artificial intelligent systems should become better and more flexible by incorporating changes in the academic culture and learning preferences of new generations of students (Baker, 2016). Robots are developing their human touch too. Robots that can recognize emotional states are currently in development (Azuar et al., 2019; Yu and Tapus, 2019). Only time will tell what robots with deep learning ability will be capable of, and whether they will be artificially intelligent and we anatomists remain naturally stupid. It is too early to say that anatomy educators are safe from losing their jobs to robots. However, this...
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"Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?"
(2020)
- Chessell, Darren
- Chuah, Lay Lian; Loayza, Norman; Schmillen, Achim D
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"The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine"
(2018)
(p.2) This does not mean that machines will replace all labor or that wages will plummet across the board. Computers based on AI are remarkably effective in conducting specific tasks rather than replicating human intelligence. The early attempts to imitate humans in the 1970s derailed AI for decades. By contrast, the recent success of AI has been based on an algorithmic approach that uses neural networks and deep learning for well-defined and limited tasks.
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"The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine"
(2018)
- Coombs, Crispin
- Davenport, T; Guha, A; Grewal, D; Bressgott, T
- De Witte, Marco; Steijn, Bram
- Diebolt, Vincent; Azancot, Isaac; Boissel, François-Henri; Adenot, Isabelle; Balague, Christine; Barthélémy, Philippe; Boubenna, Nacer; Coulonjou, Hélène; Fernandez, Xosé; Habran, Enguerrand; Lethiec, Françoise; Longin, Juliette; Metzinger, Anne; Merlière, Yvon; Pham, Emmanuel; Philip, Pierre; Roche, Thomas; Saurin, William; Tirel, Anny; Voisin, Emmanuelle; Marchal, Thierry
- Duggan, James; Sherman, Ultan; Carbery, Ronan; McDonnell, Anthony
- Ehrenreich, Barbara
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Nickel-and-dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America
(2001)
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Nickel and Dimed: Undercover in Low-wage America
(2002)
- FraiJ, Jihad; László, Várallyai
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"Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review"
(2021)
(p.116) AI software was developed to make computers that think logically and behave like humans. HRM has witnessed the efficiency and benefits of AI in the recruitment and hiring processes the ability of AI to adapt to the recruitment has increased rapidly over the last two decades. Recruitment still occurs through traditional methods but is assisted by AI tools and applications. The system helps automate different processes, making decision-making more effective and efficient. The use of AI has improved the hiring process for better quality. Now, HR managers have time to explore HR's bigger picture. Despite advances in technology, however, a...
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"Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review"
(2021)
- Frank, Morgan R; Autor, David; Bessen, James E; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Cebrian, Manuel; Deming, David J; Feldman, Maryann; Groh, Matthew; Lobo, José; Moro, Esteban; Wang, Dashun; Youn, Hyejin; Rahwan, Iyad
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
(p.6535) Recent studies show that historical technology-driven trends may not capture the AI-driven trends we face today. Consequently, some have concluded that AI is a fundamentally new technology (3, 65). If the trends of the past are not predictive of the employment trends from current or future technologies, then how can policy makers maintain and create new employment opportunities in the face of AI? What features of a labor market lead to generalized labor resilience to technological change?
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
(p.6536) The impact of AI and automation will vary greatly across geography, which has implications for the labor force, urban–rural discrepancies, and changes in the income distribution. The study of AI and automation are largely focused on national employment trends and national wealth disparity. However, recent work demonstrates that some places (e.g., cities) are more susceptible to technological change than others. Occupations form a network of dependencies which constrain how easily jobs can be replaced by technology. Therefore, the health of the aggregate labor market may depend on the impact of technology on specific urban and rural labor markets.
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"Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor"
(2019)
- Gal, Uri; Jensen, Tina Blegind; Stein, Mari-Klara
- Glaeser, Edward
- Goos, Maarten; Manning, Alan
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"Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain"
(2007)
(p.125) the rapidly growing lousy jobs are all ones where it has proved difficult to substitute machines or computers for human labor.
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"Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain"
(2007)
- Goyal, Arjun; Aneja, Ranjan
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"Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?"
(2020)
(p.8) Income inequality is not directly affected by technology, but it is a combination of both technology changes and the working position of the workers. The relationship between AI and income distribution has always been considered negative and this is what has been observed in this study and it directly affects the distribution of income and jobs. Due to automation, low and medium skill jobs are declining, and unemployment rate is increasing and the income gap between middle and high skill labor is increasing. Gini-coefficients of developing nations are higher than in developed nations, indicating that income inequality in developing nations...
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"Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?"
(2020)
- Gruetzemacher, Ross; Paradice, David; Lee, Kang Bok
- Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein
- Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Newlands, Gemma; Lee, Min Kyung; Wolf, Christine T; Kinder, Eliscia; Sutherland, Will
- Kim, Tae Wan; Scheller-Wolf, Alan
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"Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders"
(2019)
(p.322) Many participants in recent public discussions about the coming workforce transformation focus only on the economic sustenance of displaced workers in our envisioned future society; there is a consensus on the need for a proper (re)distributive scheme to ensure societal stability. This will be some form of a basic income guarantee, usually defined as “an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement” (Van Parijs 2004, p. 8). In a similar manner, a “negative income tax” (people whose income is below some amount receive cash from the government...
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"Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders"
(2019)
- Klumpp, Matthias
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
(p.223) Again, workload and conditions (time schedule) as well as appreciations from managers, customers, fellow workers, and traffic participants are important for drivers.This could lead to the proposition that positive human–artificial collaboration may even be easier if AI application learn to accolade and praise human co-workers in any form in order to show some appreciation for their input. This could be implemented for example within voice communication between drivers and Ai applications
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
(p.226) Between ever-increasing expectations and requirements and real human competence levels a ‘gap’is developing as required training for humans has for each and every person to start anew – learningcannot be automated for human workers: Longer education and training programmes are needed in order to arrive at required higher competence levels for a modern-day logistics and business environment. This constitutes a knowledge accumulation gap (grey field in Figure 2) that arises due to thefact that humans are not able to accumulate knowledge over generations – as opposed to machinesand computers which are able to do so.
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"Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements"
(2018)
- Korinek, Anton; Stiglitz, Joseph E
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"Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment"
(2019)
(p.350) measured productivity has increased rather slowly in recent years, even as the world seems to be captured by AI fever. If AIr elated innovations enter the economy at the same slow pace as suggested by recent productivity statistics, then the transition will be slower than, for example, the wave of mechanization in the 1950– 1970s, and the resulting disruptions may not be very significant. However, there are three possible alternatives: First, some suggest that productivity is significantly undermeasured, for example, because quality improvements are not accurately captured. The best available estimates suggest that this problem is limited to a few...
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"Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment"
(2019)
(p.353) In 1930 Keynes wrote an essay on the “Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren,” in which he described how technological possibilities may translate into utility possibilities. He worried about the quality of life that would emerge in a world with excess leisure. And he thought all individuals might face that quandary. But what has happened in recent years has raised another possibility: innovation could lead to a few very rich individuals— who may face this challenge—whereas the vast majority of ordinary workers may be left behind, with wages far below what they were at the peak of the industrial age.
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"Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment"
(2019)
- Lee, Min Kyung
- Lee, Min Kyung; Kusbit, Daniel; Metsky, Evan; Dabbish, Laura
- Mahroof, Kamran
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"A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse"
(2019)
(p.185) Another key theme gleaned from the analysis was the psychological impact of technology adoption, particularly AI as it can be at the expense of people. A manager provides some further insight into the psychological elements management encounter: ‘They amass experience which gives them the edge, ability of a TM to look at a warehouse full of pallets to say, I need 15 people and 3 h to shift that… that is purely experience. We put a system in and a report can tell you that. That’s a massive hit for someone. That first barrier is biggest’. If AI and automation...
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"A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse"
(2019)
- Marx, Matt
- McDonnell, Joseph W
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"Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence"
(2019)
(p.10) Artificial intelligence has the power to change the nature of work for many people, but the pace of adoption and the extent of the disruption are still the subject of debate. A rapid adoption of autonomous self-driving vehicles, for instance, could dramatically displace millions of workers, but a more gradual and partial adoption, especially in a growing economy, will have far less impact on drivers.
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"Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence"
(2019)
- Menegus, Bryan
- Moretti, Enrico
- Morgen, Mikkel
- Pepito, Joseph Andrew; Locsin, Rozzano
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"Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?"
(2019)
(p.109) Technological breakthroughs occur at an ever-increasing rate thereby revolutionizing human health and wellness care. Technological advancements have drastically changed the structure and organization of the healthcare industry. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that 800 million workers worldwide could be replaced by robots by the year 2030. There is already a robotic revolution happening in healthcare wherein robots have made tasks and procedures more efficient and safer. Locsin and Ito has addressed the threat to nursing practice with human nurses being replaced by humanoid robots. Routine nursing care dictated solely by prescribed procedures and accomplishment of nursing tasks would be best performed...
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"Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?"
(2019)
- Ross, Andrew
- Schaff, Kory
- Spurk, Daniel; Straub, Caroline
- Tcherneva, Pavlina R
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"Keynes's Approach to Full Employment: Aggregate or Targeted Demand?"
(2008)
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"Full Employment, Inflation and Income Distribution"
(2014)
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The Case for a Job Guarantee
(2020)
- Tuckman, Alan
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
(p.47) The question of working time has been central to the debate around the emergence anddevelopment of modern industrial society casting a mask of progress over our perception of thehistorical. Such a linear temporality appears reflected in Marx’s view of history as progressionthrough the development of modes of production: primitive communism through feudalism andcapitalism to communism. It may also be represented by the centrality of ‘labour time’ within hisanalysis where moves to a reduction of the working week – as in some general ethos of socialprogress - might seem the measure of improvement in working conditions.
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
(p.49) The analysis of labour time as a commodity opens areas of understanding ofconflicts and tensions made transparent through the idea of partial commodification with adifferent articulation of the subordination of labour to capital taking shape in the encroachment ofthe demands of commodified time into free time. In beginning to address this contradiction, wemust note that a feature of the emergence of industrial capitalism – in the commodification oflabour - took labour outside the domestic setting placing it spatially within the factory and in theoffice. It also located that labour temporally in the construction of a distinction between ‘workingtime’ and ‘free...
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"Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility"
(2005)
- Vochozka, M; Kliestik, T; Kliestikova, J; others
- Wexler, Steven
- Wray, L Randall; Randall Wray, L
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