• Employment
• Employer of Last Resort
• Full Employment
• Job Guarantee
• Job Sharing
• Underemployment
• Unemployment
• Working Poor

References for Theme: Employment

• Abuselidze, G; Mamaladze, L
• "The impact of artificial intelligence on employment before and during pandemic: A comparative analysis" (2021)

• Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

  (p.10) [C]ontrary to a common presumption in popular debates, it is not the “brilliant” automation technologies that threaten employment and wages, but “so-so technologies” that generate small productivity improvements. This is because the positive productivity effect of so-so technologies is not sufficient to offset the decline in labor demand due to displacement. 

• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

  (p.4) The history of technology is not only about the displacement of human labor by automation technologies. If it were, we would be confined to a shrinking set of old tasks and jobs, with a steadily declining labor share in national income. Instead, the displacement effect of automation has been counterbalanced by technologies that create new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. Such new tasks generate not only a positive productivity effect, but also a reinstatement effect—they reinstate labor into a broader range of tasks and thus change the task content of production in favor of labor. The reinstatement effect is the polaropposite of the...

• "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor" (2019)

• "The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand" (2019)

  (p.27) contrary to popular claims that the future of labour is threatened by “brilliant” new technologies, the greater danger for labour comes from technology that is not raising productivity sufficiently. In particular, if new automation technologies are not great but just “so-so” (just good enough to be adopted but not so much more productive than the labour they are replacing), there is a double jeopardy for labour—there is a displacement effect, taking passed away from labour, but no powerful productivity gains redressing some of the decline in labour demand generated by the displacement effects.

• "The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand" (2019)

  (p.29) Most AI researchers and economists studying its consequences view it as a way of automating yet more tasks. No doubt, AI has this capability, and most of its applications to date have been of this mould—for example, image recognition, speech recognition, translation, accounting, recommendation systems and customer support. But we do not need to accept this as the primary way that AI can be and indeed ought to be used. [...] Since AI is not just a narrow set of technologies with specific, pre-determined applications and  functionalities but a technology platform, it can be deployed for much more than automation; it can be used to restructure the production process in a way that...

• "The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand" (2019)

• "Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets" (2020)

• Adams, Abi
• "Technology and the labour market: the assessment" (2018)

• Agrawal, Ajay; Gans, Joshua S; Goldfarb, Avi
• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

  (p.34) Overall, we cannot assess the net effect of artificial intelligence on labor as a whole, even in the short run. Instead, most applications of artificial intelligence have multiple forces that impact jobs, both increasing and decreasing the demand for labor. The net effect is an empirical question and will vary across applications and industries. 

• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

  (p.47) For any given worker, a key predictor of whether artificial intelligence will substitute for their job is the degree to which the core skill they bring to the job involves prediction. Transcription jobs are being automated as the core skill of that labor is predicting which words to type upon hearing a recording. For London taxi drivers, when artificial intelligence was employed to predict the optimal route through the city’s streets, their jobs were put at risk (though other drivers’ labor became augmented). Artificial intelligence does not fit easily into existing analyses of the effect of automation on labor markets....

• "Artificial Intelligence: The Ambiguous Labor Market Impact of Automating Prediction" (2019)

• Aronowitz, Stanley; DiFazio, William
• "The jobless future" (2017)

• Autor, D; Salomons, A
• "Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share" (2018)

  (p.4) Whether technological progress ultimately proves employment- or labor-share-displacing depends proximately on two factors: how technological innovations shape employment and labor’s share of value-added directly in the industries where they occur; and how these direct effects are augmented or offset by employment and labor-share changes elsewhere in the economy that are indirectly spurred by these same technological forces. The first of these phenomena—the direct effect of technological progress on employment and labor-share in the specific settings in which it occurs—is often readily observable, and we suspect that observationof these direct labor-displacing effects shapes theoretical and empirical study of the aggregate impact of technological progress. The indirect effects of...

• "Is Automation Labor-displacing? Productivity growth, employment, and the Labor Share" (2018)

• Autor, David
• "Polanyi's Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth" (2014)

• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

  (p.26) Major newspaper stories offer fresh examples daily of technologies that substitute for human labor in an expanding—although still circumscribed—set of tasks. The offsetting effects of complementarities and rising demand in other areas are, however, far harder to identify as they occur. My own prediction is that employment polarization will not continue indefinitely (as argued in Autor 2013). While some of the tasks in many current middle-skill jobs are susceptible to automation, many middle-skill jobs will continue to demand a mixture of tasks from across the skill spectrum. For example, medical support occupations—radiology technicians, phlebotomists, nurse technicians, and others—are a significant and rapidly growing category of relatively...

• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

  (p.6) Given that these technologies demonstrably succeed in their labor saving objective and, moreover, that we invent many more labor-saving technologies all the time, should we not be somewhat surprised that technological change hasn’t already wiped out employment for the vast majority of workers? Why doesn’t automation necessarily reduce aggregate employment, even as it demonstrably reduces labor requirements per unit of output produced? These questions underline an economic reality that is as fundamental as it is overlooked: tasks that cannot be substituted by automation are generally complemented by it. Most work processes draw upon a multifaceted set of inputs: labor and...

• "Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation" (2015)

• Autor, David H
• "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation" (2015)

• Barbieri, Laura; Mussida, Chiara; Piva, Mariacristina; Vivarelli, Marco
• "Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues" (2019)

  (p.2) The fear of technological unemployment has been accompanying the great innovative waves. However, in the history of humanity, periods of intensive automation have often coincided with the emergence of new jobs, tasks, activities and industries. Indeed, the challenging question is related to the overall sign of the relationship between technological change and labor: is technology labor-friendly or is it labor-threatening?

• "Testing the Employment Impact of Automation, Robots and AI: A Survey and Some Methodological Issues" (2019)

• Benzell, Seth G; Kotlikoff, Laurence J; LaGarda, Guillermo; Sachs, Jeffrey D
• "Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement" (2015)

• Bruun, Edvard P G; Duka, Alban
• "Artificial Intelligence, Jobs and the Future of Work: Racing with the Machines" (2018)

• Campbell, Iain; Price, Robin
• "Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualisation" (2016)

  (p.316) The underlying issue explored here concerns the implications of precarious work forindividual workers – their physical, mental and social well-being and also, more broadly,their agency and the way in which they integrate paid work into other domains of sociallife. To what extent is the precariousness of work transmitted to the worker? This difficult but important area requires careful conceptualisation in order to extend research onprecarious work and develop policies to combat its effects.

• "Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualisation" (2016)

• Chace, Calum
• The Economic Singularity: Artificial Intelligence and the Death of Capitalism (2016)

• Chan, Lap Ki; Pawlina, Wojciech
• "Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?" (2020)

  (p.6) As time progresses, artificial intelligent systems should become better and more flexible by incorporating changes in the academic culture and learning preferences of new generations of students (Baker, 2016). Robots are developing their human touch too. Robots that can recognize emotional states are currently in development (Azuar et al., 2019; Yu and Tapus, 2019). Only time will tell what robots with deep learning ability will be capable of, and whether they will be artificially intelligent and we anatomists remain naturally stupid. It is too early to say that anatomy educators are safe from losing their jobs to robots. However, this...

• "Artificial Intelligence or Natural Stupidity? Deep Learning or Superficial Teaching?" (2020)

• Chessell, Darren
• "The Jobless Econonomy in a Post-work Society: How automation will transform the labor market" (2018)

• Chuah, Lay Lian; Loayza, Norman; Schmillen, Achim D
• "The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine" (2018)

  (p.2) This does not mean that machines will replace all labor or that wages will plummet across the board. Computers based on AI are remarkably effective in conducting specific tasks rather than replicating human intelligence. The early attempts to imitate humans in the 1970s derailed AI for decades. By contrast, the recent success of AI has been based on an algorithmic approach that uses neural networks and deep learning for well-defined and limited tasks.

• "The Future of Work: Race with—not against—the Machine" (2018)

• Codagnone, Cristiano; Abadie, Fabienne; Biagi, Federico
• "The future of work in the ‘sharing economy’. Market efficiency and equitable opportunities or unfair precarisation?" (2016)

  (p.55) The enactment of some form of regulation to establish the proposed portability of benefits would already represent a positive step forward to ensure more dignified conditions for workers in digital labour markets; various analysts, however, consider it insufficient in view of the facts that earnings are at times too low in the absence of any minimum wage rules, the flow of work is unstable and no employment benefits exists, there are clear information and power asymmetries, no protection against privacy violations, and various forms of information or reputation-based ethnic and gender discriminatory mechanisms occur unregulated.

• Coombs, Crispin
• "Will COVID-19 be the tipping point for the intelligent automation of work? A review of the debate and implications for research" (2020)

• Crain, Marion; Poster, Winifred; Cherry, Miriam
• Invisible Labor: Hidden Work in the Contemporary World (2016)

• Davenport, T; Guha, A; Grewal, D; Bressgott, T
• "How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing" (2020)

• De Witte, Marco; Steijn, Bram
• "Automation, Job content, and Underemployment" (2000)

• Delfanti, Alessandro; Frey, Bronwyn
• "Humanly Extended Automation or the Future of Work Seen through Amazon Patents" (2021)

• Deranty, Jean-Philippe
• "Post-work society as an oxymoron: Why we cannot, and should not, wish work away" (2021)

• Diebolt, Vincent; Azancot, Isaac; Boissel, François-Henri; Adenot, Isabelle; Balague, Christine; Barthélémy, Philippe; Boubenna, Nacer; Coulonjou, Hélène; Fernandez, Xosé; Habran, Enguerrand; Lethiec, Françoise; Longin, Juliette; Metzinger, Anne; Merlière, Yvon; Pham, Emmanuel; Philip, Pierre; Roche, Thomas; Saurin, William; Tirel, Anny; Voisin, Emmanuelle; Marchal, Thierry
• "“Artificial intelligence”: Which services, which applications, which results and which development today in clinical research? Which impact on the quality of care? Which recommendations?" (2019)

• Duffy, Brooke Erin; Schwartz, Becca
• "Digital “women’s work?”: Job recruitment ads and the feminization of social media employment" (2018)

• Duggan, James; Sherman, Ultan; Carbery, Ronan; McDonnell, Anthony
• "Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM" (2020)

• Dunphy, Dexter; Stace, Doug
• "The Strategic Management of Corporate Change" (1993)

• Ehrenreich, Barbara
• Nickel-and-dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America (2001)

• Nickel and Dimed: Undercover in Low-wage America (2002)

• Estlund, Cynthia
• "What Should We Do after Work: Automation and Employment" (2018)

• Evans, Mihail
• "A Post-employment Utopia?" (2018)

• Feldman, Lindsey Raisa
• "Anti-heroes, wildfire, and the complex visibility of prison labor" (2020)

• Ford, Martin
• Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (2016)

• FraiJ, Jihad; László, Várallyai
• "Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review" (2021)

  (p.116) AI software was developed to make computers that think logically and behave like humans. HRM has witnessed the efficiency and benefits of AI in the recruitment and hiring processes the ability of AI to adapt to the recruitment has increased rapidly over the last two decades. Recruitment still occurs through traditional methods but is assisted by AI tools and applications. The system helps automate different processes, making decision-making more effective and efficient. The use of AI has improved the hiring process for better quality. Now, HR managers have time to explore HR's bigger picture. Despite advances in technology, however, a...

• "Artificial Intelligence Impact on the Recruitment Process: A literature Review" (2021)

• Frank, Morgan R; Autor, David; Bessen, James E; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Cebrian, Manuel; Deming, David J; Feldman, Maryann; Groh, Matthew; Lobo, José; Moro, Esteban; Wang, Dashun; Youn, Hyejin; Rahwan, Iyad
• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

  (p.6535) Recent studies show that historical technology-driven trends may not capture the AI-driven trends we face today. Consequently, some have concluded that AI is a fundamentally new technology (3, 65). If the trends of the past are not predictive of the employment trends from current or future technologies, then how can policy makers maintain and create new employment opportunities in the face of AI? What features of a labor market lead to generalized labor resilience to technological change?

• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

  (p.6536) The impact of AI and automation will vary greatly across geography, which has implications for the labor force, urban–rural discrepancies, and changes in the income distribution. The study of AI and automation are largely focused on national employment trends and national wealth disparity. However, recent work demonstrates that some places (e.g., cities) are more susceptible to technological change than others. Occupations form a network of dependencies which constrain how easily jobs can be replaced by technology. Therefore, the health of the aggregate labor market may depend on the impact of technology on specific urban and rural labor markets.

• "Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor" (2019)

• Gal, Uri; Jensen, Tina Blegind; Stein, Mari-Klara
• "Breaking the vicious cycle of algorithmic management: A virtue ethics approach to people analytics" (2020)

• Glaeser, Edward
• "A Review of Enrico Moretti's The New Geography of Jobs" (2013)

• Glasmeier, Amy; Salant, Priscilla
• "Low-skill workers in rural America face permanent job loss" (2006)

• Goos, Maarten; Manning, Alan
• "Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain" (2007)

  (p.125) the rapidly growing lousy jobs are all ones where it has proved difficult to substitute machines or computers for human labor.

• "Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain" (2007)

• Goyal, Arjun; Aneja, Ranjan
• "Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?" (2020)

  (p.8) Income inequality is not directly affected by technology, but it is a combination of both technology changes and the working position of the workers. The relationship between AI and income distribution has always been considered negative and this is what has been observed in this study and it directly affects the distribution of income and jobs. Due to automation, low and medium skill jobs are declining, and unemployment rate is increasing and the income gap between middle and high skill labor is increasing. Gini-coefficients of developing nations are higher than in developed nations, indicating that income inequality in developing nations...

• "Artificial intelligence and income inequality: Do technological changes and worker's position matter?" (2020)

• Gregg, Melissa; Andrijasevic, Rutvica
• "Virtually Absent: The Gendered Histories and Economies of Digital Labour" (2019)

• Gruetzemacher, Ross; Paradice, David; Lee, Kang Bok
• "Forecasting extreme labor displacement: A survey of AI practitioners" (2020)

• Hodder, Andy
• "New Technology, Work and Employment in the era of COVID-19: reflecting on legacies of research" (2020)

• Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein
• "Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making" (2018)

• Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Newlands, Gemma; Lee, Min Kyung; Wolf, Christine T; Kinder, Eliscia; Sutherland, Will
• "Algorithmic management in a work context" (2021)

• Jones, Phil
• Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism (2021)

• Kim, Tae Wan; Scheller-Wolf, Alan
• "Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders" (2019)

  (p.322) Many participants in recent public discussions about the coming workforce transformation focus only on the economic sustenance of displaced workers in our envisioned future society; there is a consensus on the need for a proper (re)distributive scheme to ensure societal stability. This will be some form of a basic income guarantee, usually defined as “an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement” (Van Parijs 2004, p. 8). In a similar manner, a “negative income tax” (people whose income is below some amount receive cash from the government...

• "Technological unemployment, meaning in life, purpose of business, and the future of stakeholders" (2019)

• Klumpp, Matthias
• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

  (p.223)  Again, workload and conditions (time schedule) as well as appreciations from managers, customers, fellow workers, and traffic participants are important for drivers.This could lead to the proposition that positive human–artificial collaboration may even be easier if AI application learn to accolade and praise human co-workers in any form in order to show some appreciation for their input. This could be implemented for example within voice communication between drivers and Ai applications

• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

  (p.226) Between ever-increasing expectations and requirements and real human competence levels a ‘gap’is developing as required training for humans has for each and every person to start anew – learningcannot be automated for human workers: Longer education and training programmes are needed in order to arrive at required higher competence levels for a modern-day logistics and business environment. This constitutes a knowledge accumulation gap (grey field in Figure 2) that arises due to thefact that humans are not able to accumulate knowledge over generations – as opposed to machinesand computers which are able to do so.

• "Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements" (2018)

• Korinek, Anton; Stiglitz, Joseph E
• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

  (p.350) measured productivity has increased rather slowly in recent years, even as the world seems to be captured by AI fever. If AIr elated innovations enter the economy at the same slow pace as suggested by recent productivity statistics, then the transition will be slower than, for example, the wave of mechanization in the 1950– 1970s, and the resulting disruptions may not be very significant. However, there are three possible alternatives: First, some suggest that productivity is significantly undermeasured, for example, because quality improvements are not accurately captured. The best available estimates suggest that this problem is limited to a few...

• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

  (p.353) In 1930 Keynes wrote an essay on the “Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren,” in which he described how technological possibilities may translate into utility possibilities. He worried about the quality of life that would emerge in a world with excess leisure. And he thought all individuals might face that quandary. But what has happened in recent years has raised another possibility: innovation could lead to a few very rich individuals— who may face this challenge—whereas the vast majority of ordinary workers may be left behind, with wages far below what they were at the peak of the industrial age.

• "Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment" (2019)

• Lee, Min Kyung
• "Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management" (2018)

• Lee, Min Kyung; Kusbit, Daniel; Metsky, Evan; Dabbish, Laura
• "Working with Machines: The Impact of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Management on Human Workers" (2015)

• Li, Ju
• "A New Deal for China’s Workers? by Cynthia Estlund" (2018)

• Lloyd, Caroline; Payne, Jonathan
• "Fewer jobs, better jobs? An international comparative study of robots and ‘routine’ work in the public sector" (2021)

• Lordan, Grace; Neumark, David
• "People versus machines: The impact of minimum wages on automatable jobs" (2018)

• Mahroof, Kamran
• "A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse" (2019)

  (p.185) Another key theme gleaned from the analysis was the psychological impact of technology adoption, particularly AI as it can be at the expense of people. A manager provides some further insight into the psychological elements management encounter: ‘They amass experience which gives them the edge, ability of a TM to look at a warehouse full of pallets to say, I need 15 people and 3 h to shift that… that is purely experience. We put a system in and a report can tell you that. That’s a massive hit for someone. That first barrier is biggest’. If AI and automation...

• "A human-centric perspective exploring the readiness towards smart warehousing: The case of a large retail distribution warehouse" (2019)

• Marx, Matt
• "The Firm Strikes Back: Non-compete Agreements and the Mobility of Technical Professionals" (2011)

• McDonnell, Joseph W
• "Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

  (p.10) Artificial intelligence has the power to change the nature of work for many people, but the pace of adoption and the extent of the disruption are still the subject of debate. A rapid adoption of autonomous self-driving vehicles, for instance, could dramatically displace millions of workers, but a more gradual and partial adoption, especially in a growing economy, will have far less impact on drivers. 

• "Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence" (2019)

• Menegus, Bryan
• "On Amazon’s Time" (2018)

• Merkel, Janet
• "‘Freelance isn’t free.’ Co-working as a critical urban practice to cope with informality in creative labour markets" (2019)

• Moore, Phoebe V
• "Future of Work: Technological Change and Women's Rights" (2019)

• "Agility of Affect in the Quantified Workplace" (2021)

• Moore, Ryan; Press, Heathwood
• "Eros and civilization for a jobless future: Hebert Marcuse and the abolition of work" (2016)

• Moretti, Enrico
• The New Geography of Jobs (2012)

• Morgan, Jamie
• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.376) There is thus an issue of realizing the future and what form that future reality will really take. Futurists have adopted more and less positive accounts.10 The fourth industrial revolution too, includes a range of approaches. As we shall argue, however, there are significant commonalities and limits to the range. The important point at this stage is that positions are not irrelevant for how the future becomes the present, since they affect how the future will be shaped from the present. Clearly, this applies also to work and the future of work is a major focus of fourth industrial revolution...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.377) Formerly, automation and computerization had their greatest impact on Fordist continuous flow mass production lines and on clerical and secretarial work. That is, work that could be reduced to strictly repetitive actions or multiply reproducible essentially identical forms – some kinds of work whose primary task base could be expressed in simple routines. However, the new technology introduces combinations of mobility, monitoring/surveillance, discrimination, multi-functionality, language and effectively more complex decision making capacity (which is not to suggest this requires an AI be conscious). This greatly extends the range of tasks that could be duplicated by technology and thus the types...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.379) At root, Keynes highlights but does not resolve a tension based on two different framings of ‘need’. The need to interact, work and create as self-expression may be intrinsic to what it is to be human, but this is not the same as the need to earn a wage income in order to survive within a division of labour that operates according to disciplining principles or mechanisms. In this latter sense, labour is compelled and profit and accumulation drive the capitalist system. Historically, there is no simple relation where greater use of technology and higher productivity have continuously reduced hours...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.380) it is important to note that the world of tomorrow that Keynes is focused on in his essay is not ours. That world is not just one that has achieved technological wonders, it is one that has implicitly transitioned to a radically different socio-economic form of organization.

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.390) Whilst a sense that technology can liberate the worker from work may now be on the agenda of left accelerationists at such venues as Labour Party fringe conference events (e.g. The World Transformed), the main policy focus remains 390 Economy and Society dominated by a more business oriented and conventional set of capitalist concerns with the growth and profitability of the firm. From this perspective, the concerns of workers, the sociology of work and the broader issues of technology in society, are peripheral or additional.

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

  (p.391) The framing of policy, therefore, is not neutral. It absorbs the fourth industrial revolution concept according to market conforming logics that allow government to limit its responsibility for shaping the future, even as it continues to herald the potential. And this, of course, segues easily into the kinds of concerns and foci that consultancies, such as McKinsey, necessarily find most conducive to explore: investment as a corporate wealth generating and protecting exercise. To be clear, we by no means wish to suggest that a technological future will be dystopian nor that the future of work involves worse-case outcomes of rapid...

• "Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? A critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature" (2019)

• Morgen, Mikkel
• "Unemployment and learning: the depoliticisation and taboos of work(lessness)" (2020)

• Nübler, Irmgard
• "New technologies: A jobless future or golden age of job creation" (2016)

• Otis, Eileen; Wu, Tongyu
• "The Deficient Worker: Skills, Identity, and Inequality in Service Employment" (2018)

• Paschkewitz, John; Patt, Dan
• "Can AI Make Your Job More Interesting?" (2020)

• Paulsen, Roland
• "In the mood for obedience: Despair, cynicism, and seduction among employment service employees" (2018)

• Pepito, Joseph Andrew; Locsin, Rozzano
• "Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?" (2019)

  (p.109) Technological breakthroughs occur at an ever-increasing rate thereby revolutionizing human health and wellness care. Technological advancements have drastically changed the structure and organization of the healthcare industry. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that 800 million workers worldwide could be replaced by robots by the year 2030. There is already a robotic revolution happening in healthcare wherein robots have made tasks and procedures more efficient and safer. Locsin and Ito has addressed the threat to nursing practice with human nurses being replaced by humanoid robots. Routine nursing care dictated solely by prescribed procedures and accomplishment of nursing tasks would be best performed...

• "Can nurses remain relevant in a technologically advanced future?" (2019)

• Pfeiffer, Sabine
• "Robots, Industry 4.0 and Humans, or Why Assembly Work Is More than Routine Work" (2016)

• Pitts, Frederick Harry
• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

  (p.366) In an adaptation of the orthodox Marxist understanding of the unfolding of capitalist development, the ‘human machines’ Hardt and Negri see as ‘put to work’ in contemporary capitalism represent what might be characterised as the ‘forces of production’ which push against the ‘relations of production’, namely, the property relations that conflict with the common, cooperative basis of value production in the digital age. As Hardt and Negri write, ‘Private property appears increasingly as a fetter to social productivity both in the sense that it blocks the relationships of cooperation that generate production and that it undermines the social relations that...

• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

  (p.367) The difference between Hardt and Negri’s negated dialectic of forces and relations and that found in orthodox Marxism is that, for the former, there is no promise of resolution or unification out of the social conflict and resistance that powers it, only ‘permanent crisis and continual imbalance’. This, it is fair to say, fool-proofs what was formerly, in Empire and Multitude, the sense that a new world was being built in the shell of the old, and were only it to be liberated from the relations constraining it, all would be well. Moreover, Hardt and Negri appear keen to distance...

• "The multitude and the machine: Productivism, populism, posthumanism" (2020)

• Reese, Byron
• The Fourth Age: Smart Robots, Conscious Computers, and the Future of Humanity (2020)

• Ross, Andrew
• "The Mental Labor Problem" (2000)

• Schaff, Kory
• "A right to work and fair conditions of employment" (2017)

• Scroggins, Michael J; Pasquetto, Irene V
• "Labor out of place: On the varieties and valences of (in) visible labor in data-intensive science" (2020)

• Spencer, David A
• "Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work" (2018)

• Spurk, Daniel; Straub, Caroline
• "Flexible employment relationships and careers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic" (2020)

• Tcherneva, Pavlina R
• "Keynes's Approach to Full Employment: Aggregate or Targeted Demand?" (2008)

• "Full Employment, Inflation and Income Distribution" (2014)

• The Case for a Job Guarantee (2020)

• Tiziano Bonini; Alessandro Gandini
• "Invisible, solidary, unbranded and passionate: everyday life as a freelance and precarious worker in four Italian radio stations" (2016)

• Tuckman, Alan
• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

  (p.47) The question of working time has been central to the debate around the emergence anddevelopment of modern industrial society casting a mask of progress over our perception of thehistorical. Such a linear temporality appears reflected in Marx’s view of history as progressionthrough the development of modes of production: primitive communism through feudalism andcapitalism to communism. It may also be represented by the centrality of ‘labour time’ within hisanalysis where moves to a reduction of the working week – as in some general ethos of socialprogress - might seem the measure of improvement in working conditions.

• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

  (p.49) The analysis of labour time as a commodity opens areas of understanding ofconflicts and tensions made transparent through the idea of partial commodification with adifferent articulation of the subordination of labour to capital taking shape in the encroachment ofthe demands of commodified time into free time. In beginning to address this contradiction, wemust note that a feature of the emergence of industrial capitalism – in the commodification oflabour - took labour outside the domestic setting placing it spatially within the factory and in theoffice. It also located that labour temporally in the construction of a distinction between ‘workingtime’ and ‘free...

• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

• Vochozka, M; Kliestik, T; Kliestikova, J; others
• "Participating in a highly automated society: How artificial intelligence disrupts the job market" (2018)

• West, Darrell M
• The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation (2018)

• Wexler, Steven
• "(I’m)Material Labor in the Digital Age" (2009)

• Wray, L Randall; Randall Wray, L
• "The Employer of Last Resort Approach to Full Employment" (2000)

• "Employer of Last Resort: Strategies for combating poverty" (2007)