• Marx
• Marx on "Life's Prime Want"
• Marx on Abstract Labour
• Marx on Alienation
• Marx on Class Struggle
• Marx on Exploitation
• Marx on Machines
• Marx on Realm of Necessity
• Marx on the General Intellect

References for Theme: Marx

• Arthur, Christopher John
• Dialectics of labour: Marx and his relation to Hegel (1986)

• Baudrillard, Jean
• The Mirror of Production (1975)

• Blanchot, Maurice
• "Marx's Three Voices" (1986)

• Boggs, James
• The American Revolution: Pages From a Negro Worker's Notebook (1963)

• Brewis, Joanna
• "Who do you think you are? Feminism, work, ethics and Foucault" (1998)

• Brudney, Daniel
• "Two Marxian Themes: The Alienation of Labour and the Linkage Thesis" (2018)

• Caillé, Alain
• "Le travail improductif comme écart du capital à soi-même" (1975)

• Carver, Terrell
• The Postmodern Marx (2010)

• Casarino, Cesare; Negri, Antonio
• In Praise of the Common: A Conversation on Philosophy and Politics (2008)

• Cavazzini, Andrea
• "Le travail et ses spectres. Un parcours archéologique" (2017)

• Cleaver, Harry
• Reading Capital Politically (1979)

• Cohen, G A
• Why Not Socialism? (2009)

• Cohen, G A; Cohen, Gerald Allan
• Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality (1995)

  (p.34) One difference between a modern capitalist state and a slave state is that the natural right not to be subordinate in the manner of a slave is a civil right in modern capitalism. The law excludes formation of a set of persons who are legally obliged to work for other persons. That status being forbidden, everyone is entitled to work for no one. But the power matching this right is differentially enjoyed. Some can live without subordinating themselves, but most cannot. The latter face a structure generated by a history of market transactions in which, it is reasonable to say,...

• Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality (1995)

• Corlett, William
• Class Action: Reading Labor, Theory, and Value (1998)

• De Angelis, Massimo
• "Beyond the Technological and the Social Paradigms: A Political Reading of Abstract Labour as the Substance of Value" (1995)

• Dinerstein, Ana C; Neary, Michael
• The Labour Debate: An Investigation into the Theory and Reality of Capitalist Work (2002)

• Dyer-Witheford, Nick
• Cyber-Marx, Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism (1999)

• Elster, Jon
• "Self-Realization in Work and Politics: The Marxist Conception of the Good Life" (1986)

• "Self-realisation in work and politics: the Marxist conception of the Good Life" (1989)

• Feldman, Alex J
• "Power, labour power and productive force in Foucault’s reading of Capital" (2019)

  (p.312) The key to the articulation of surveilling and punishing will be found in the conjunction of two problems: the problem of a new management of illegalisms and the problem of disciplining bodies to produce and direct the productive force. What, then, are the disciplines? The 17th century marks ‘a discovery of the body as object and target of power’.30 This ‘discovery’ has both a philosophical and a technological or techno-political register. The philosophy pole aims to explain the body as a machine. The technology pole aims to rationalize a certain practice of intervening upon the body – to produce a...

• "Power, labour power and productive force in Foucault’s reading of Capital" (2019)

• Ferree, Myra Marx
• "Working-Class Jobs: Housework and Paid Work Assources of Satisfaction" (1976)

• Fischbach, Franck
• "Activité et négativité chez Marx et Spinoza" (2005)

• La Production des Hommes: Marx Avec Spinoza (2014)

• Fraser, Nancy
• "Behind Marx’s ‘Hidden Abode’: Toward an Expanded Conception of Capitalism" (2014)

• Garrett, Paul Michael
• "Social work and Marxism: a short essay on the 200th anniversary of the birth of Karl Marx" (2018)

• Gauvin, Nicolas
• "Le sens du social : les puissances de la coopération, de Franck Fischbach, Montréal, Lux, coll. « Humanités », 2015, 260 p" (2017)

• Geisen, Thomas
• Arbeit in der Moderne: Ein dialogue imaginaire zwischen Karl Marx und Hannah Arendt (2011)

• Hastings-King, Stephen
• "On the Marxist Imaginary and the Problem of Practice: Socialisme ou Barbarie, 1952-1956" (1997)

• Healy, Mike; Wilkowska, Iwona
• "Marx, Alienation and the Denial of Dignity of Work" (2017)

  (p.101) For Marx dignity is an attribute fundamentally linked to the nature of labour, and one that cannot be attained merely by an improvement in working conditions or increased remuneration (important as these are).

• "Marx, Alienation and the Denial of Dignity of Work" (2017)

• Holloway, John
• Open Marxism (1995)

  (p.177) by analysing the forms of social relations which proclaim constantly the power of the other and the powerlessness of ourselves (god, money, capital, state, drug barons), it is possible to see that there is apower which constitutes all of these and on which they therefore depend: that all-constitutive power is labour, work, creative practice. The power of the powerless is constituted by that which makes them (us) human, namely work. The power of the powerless is the dependence of the powerful on the powerless.

• Honneth, Axel
• "Domination and Moral Struggle: The Philosophical Heritage of Marxism Reviewed" (1995)

• Honneth, Axel; Joas, Hans
• Social Action and Human Nature (1988)

• Huws, Ursula
• "Expression and expropriation: The dialectics of autonomy and control in creative labour" (2010)

• Ince, Onur Ulas
• "Bringing the Economy Back In: Hannah Arendt, Karl Marx, and the Politics of Capitalism" (2016)

• Jaggar, Alison M
• Feminist Politics and Human Nature (1983)

  (p.155) The sexual division of labor in different societies has varied so widely that it is notoriously difficult to construct general economic categories for understanding women's work cross-culturally, but one might suppose that it would be easier to develop categories explaining the sexual division of labor within a given society. Even in the case of contemporary industrial society, however, it is far from obvious how to provide a general and illuminating characterization of women's work that goes beyond the tautology that it is done by women.

• Feminist Politics and Human Nature (1983)

  (p.74) The traditional Marxist categories were not designed to capture the essential features of the sexual division of labor, and it is doubtful whether they are capable of doing the job. Within the public economy, for instance, there is in fact a sharp separation between jobs that are considered appropriate for men and those that are considered suitable for women; men and women rarely work side by side at the same job. The gender-blind categories of Marxist theory, however, obscure rather than reveal this fact. Even more seriously, the central Marxist categories hardly apply at all to the household, which is...

• Feminist Politics and Human Nature (1983)

  (p.78) By obscuring women's oppression, Marxist theory provides a rationale for its perpetuation. The biologistic conception of procreation legitimates women's continuing responsibility for procreative labor. This responsibility, in turn, hinders women's full participation in nonprocreative labor and legitimates sexsegregation in that sphere. At the same time, the biologistic conception of procreation leads to the devaluation of procreative labor: women's work may be socially necessary, but it is not fully historical and hence not fully human work.

• Feminist Politics and Human Nature (1983)

• Joseph, Gloria
• "The Incompatible Ménage à Trois: Marxism, Feminism and Racism" (1997)

• Kain, Philip J
• "Marx, Housework, and Alienation" (1993)

  (p.122) For Marx, there is a crucial distinction that must be made between the concept of alienation and the related (but not identical) concepts of domination and oppression. Although all forms of alienation involve oppression or domination, it is not the case that all forms of domination or oppression involve alienation. One can be dominated and oppressed without being alienated. But if one is alienated, one is certainly dominated and oppressed. Thus, to say that the family, housework, and child care can be free of alienation is not to say that there cannot at the same time be domination or oppression...

• "Marx, Housework, and Alienation" (1993)

  (p.127) Difficult as they may be, cleaning and washing can still be satisfying. Sewing, quilting, cooking, decorating, and building can be not only satisfying but also creative and can develop one’s powers and capacities. Child care can also be emotionally rewarding. The point is that difficulty, repetition, and even drudgery by themselves do not produce alienation; they do not even produce oppression. Something else is required to produce alienation or oppression. The most unalienated work, the most satisfying work, can involve certain aspects that are simply dull, repetitious drudgery. Even artistic work, the production of films, or scholarship can all involve...

• "Marx, Housework, and Alienation" (1993)

• Karakilic, Emrah
• "Why do humans remain central to the knowledge work in the age of robots? Marx’sFragment on machinesand beyond" (2022)

• Kautsky, Karl
• The Labour Revolution (1925)

• Kovacs, George
• "Phenomenology of work and self-transcendence" (1986)

• Kovel, Joel
• "Ecosocialism, Global Justice, and Climate Change" (2008)

• "On Marx and Ecology" (2011)

• "Ecosocialism as a Human Phenomenon" (2014)

• The Emergence of Ecosocialism: Collected Essays by Joel Kovel (2019)

• Lebowitz, Michael A
• Beyond Capital: Marx's Political Economy of the Working Class (1992)

• Lotz, Christian
• "Reification through Commodity Form or Technology? From Honneth back to Heidegger and Marx" (2013)

  (p.193) Heidegger’s view of the concept of labor is closely connected to Junger’s Der Arbeiter, within which Junger outlines the transformation of modern human beings into ‘‘workers.’’ The total mobilization of human beings through labor leads, according to Heidegger, to the domination of the earth transforms everything into energy to be exploited, and is rooted in manipulation. Laboring, according to Heidegger, is basically an exploitative relationship toward beings, especially since it establishes beings as something that in principle can be labored upon. This, in turn, presupposes that beings are accessible to the laboring subject. Heidegger’s argument, consequently, is that labor as a universal (human) concept, as can be found...

• "Reification through Commodity Form or Technology? From Honneth back to Heidegger and Marx" (2013)

  (p.194) As Heidegger argues in his technology essay, modern technology should be understood as (1) the loss of the unity between thing and world (‘‘de-worlding’’) and as (2) the reduction of ‘‘technics’’ to a single form of causality, namely, causa materialis. When Heidegger introduces the essence of modern technology in histechnology essay, he claims that modern technology is still a form of revealing, but the revealing is now of a different character, which he calls challenging (Herausfordern). This transition is important, as it allows us to reject the claim that the difference between modern and nonmodern technology seems to be absolutein Heidegger. It is rather the opposite:...

• "Reification through Commodity Form or Technology? From Honneth back to Heidegger and Marx" (2013)

• Lowith, Karl
• Max Weber and Karl Marx (1982)

• Marx, Karl
• Grundrisse (1973)

  (p.202) capitalism’s historic destiny is fulfilled as soon as, on one side, there has been such a development of needs that surplus labour above and beyond necessity has itself become a general need arising out of individual needs themselves – and, on the other side, when the severe discipline of capital, acting on succeeding generations, has developed general industriousness as the general property of the new species.

• "Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844" (1975)

• Economic Works (1861-1863) (1988)

  (p.89) Taking Locke's whole doctrine of LABOUR together with his doctrine of the origin of interest and rent—for he considers surplus value only in these specific forms—surplus value is nothing but alien labour, surplus labour, which land and capital—the conditions of labour—enable their owners to appropriate. And ownership of a greater quantity of conditions of labour than one person can himself put to use with his own labour is, according to Locke, a  political invention which contradicts the law of nature on which private property, the right to private property, [XX-1292a] is founded.//For Hobbes too labour is the sole source of...

• Economics Works (1861-1863) (1988)

  (p.87) According to Hobbes science, not operative labour, is the mother of the arts.* "Arts of public use, as fortification, making of engines, and other instruments of war; because they confer to defence and victory, are power; and though the true mother of them be science, namely the mathematics, yet because they are brought into the light, by the hand of the artificer, they be esteemed, the midwife passing with the vulgar for the mother, as his issue" * (Leviathan, in The English Works of ThomasHobbes, EDIT, by Molesworth, Vol. Ill, London, 1839-1844, [p.] 75).The product of mental labour—science—always stands far...

• Mojab, Shahrzad
• Marxism and Feminism (2015)

• Moraes-Neto, Benedito
• "Automation and labor: Is Marx equal to Adam Smith?" (2004)

• Mészáros, István
• Marx's theory of alienation (2006)

• Negri, Antonio
• Revolution Retrieved: Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis and New Social Subjects (1988)

• Marx Beyond Marx Lessons on the Grundrisse (1991)

• "Twenty Theses on Marx: Interpretation of the Class Situation Today" (1996)

• Postone, Moishe
• Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory (1993)

• Read, Jason
• The Micro-Politics of Capital: Marx and the Prehistory of the Present (2003)

• Renault, Emmanuel
• "Comment Marx se réfère-t-il au travail et à la domination ?" (2011)

• "Le problème de la résistance ouvrière dansLe Capital" (2015)

• Richer, Nichola Gendreau
• "Philosophies de Marx, de Franck Fischbach, Paris, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 2015, 206 p" (2017)

• Roberts, Michael James
• "Twilight of Work: The Labor Question in Nietzsche and Marx" (2019)

• Sayers, Sean
• "Why Work? Marx and Human Nature" (2005)

• "The Concept of Labor: Marx and His Critics" (2007)

• Marx and Alienation: Essays on Hegelian Themes (2011)

• Smith, Paul
• "Domestic Labour and Marx's Theory of Value" (1978)

• Spencer, David A
• "Marx and Marxist views on work and the capitalist labour process" (2014)

  (p.27) At one level, work is a social and communal activity. People forge important social connections via work and these have wider ramifications for the nature of society as a whole (Marx 1968: 80). Marx referred to the way that societies can be distinguished by the social organisation of work. How work is organised and how producers relate to one another has a direct bearing on the character of society. Marx’s attempt to define societies on the basis of the form or mode of work that predominates in those societies forms a central part ofhis materialist approach to the study of history. At another level, work affects...

• "Marx and Marxist views on work and the capitalist labour process" (2014)

  (p.28) Marx’s writings on work incorporated the idea of ‘alienation’. Marx first introduced this idea in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, written in the early 1840s. It continued to figure in Marx’s later writings. Alienation, in essence, refers to the inability of people to exercise control over the work they do. While Marx argued that alienation had existed in slave and feudal societies, he felt it took on a particular form under capitalism. In capitalist society, the means of production are owned by the capitalist class, and the working class as the majority class must offer their labour services for hire...

• "Marx and Marxist views on work and the capitalist labour process" (2014)

  (p.31) Marx explained how workers are exploited under capitalism. Workers appear to receive wages that represent full payment for the time they work in production when, in fact, their wages cover only the ‘necessary labour time’ that is required to meet their own needs. During ‘surplus’ or ‘unpaid’ labour time, workers produce ‘surplus value’ that enables the capitalists who hire them to make a profit (see Fine and Saad-Filho 2003). Marx stressed how exploitation is an endemic aspect of capitalism and how it could not be removed by any kind of reform of the labour market or work organisation. Exploitation, he...

• "Marx and Marxist views on work and the capitalist labour process" (2014)

  (p.42) Marx regarded work as a vital human activity. Human beings are seen to realise their essential being in work. Unlike many rival conceptualisations of work, Marx did not consider that work is universally and inevitably irksome. Quite to the contrary, he maintained that humans are animated and uplifted by the work they do.

• "Marx and Marxist views on work and the capitalist labour process" (2014)

• Tuckman, Alan
• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

  (p.47) The question of working time has been central to the debate around the emergence anddevelopment of modern industrial society casting a mask of progress over our perception of thehistorical. Such a linear temporality appears reflected in Marx’s view of history as progressionthrough the development of modes of production: primitive communism through feudalism andcapitalism to communism. It may also be represented by the centrality of ‘labour time’ within hisanalysis where moves to a reduction of the working week – as in some general ethos of socialprogress - might seem the measure of improvement in working conditions.

• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

  (p.49) The analysis of labour time as a commodity opens areas of understanding ofconflicts and tensions made transparent through the idea of partial commodification with adifferent articulation of the subordination of labour to capital taking shape in the encroachment ofthe demands of commodified time into free time. In beginning to address this contradiction, wemust note that a feature of the emergence of industrial capitalism – in the commodification oflabour - took labour outside the domestic setting placing it spatially within the factory and in theoffice. It also located that labour temporally in the construction of a distinction between ‘workingtime’ and ‘free...

• "Employment struggles and the commodification of time: Marx and the analysis of working time flexibility" (2005)

• Vogel, Lise
• Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory (1983)

• Weeks, Kathi
• The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (2011)

• Wood, Allen
• Karl Marx (2004)

• Zimmerman, Michael
• "Marx and Heidegger on the Technological Domination of Nature" (1979)

  (p.107) at a certain level, Marx and Heidegger seem to say similar things about the proper functioning of the human being. For Marx, the individual fulfills himself in making, doing, and creating a world for himself. For Heidegger, the individual becomes authentic by letting things be what they can be. For Marx, creative activity is restricted primarily to commodity (alienated) production in the capitalist society, but in the communist world all production would eventually involve the self-fulfillment of the worker's human need to express himself. For Heidegger, "letting beings be" is no simple-minded staring, but could include the activity of the...

• "Marx and Heidegger on the Technological Domination of Nature" (1979)

  (p.99) Both Heidegger and Marx claim that technology is not intrinsically destructive, but at present it is used in exploitative and harmful ways. By "technology,'' I mean all facets of the complex system of production and distribution which emerges with the practical application of calculating, objectifying rationality. 

• "Marx and Heidegger on the Technological Domination of Nature" (1979)