Care Work
• Mothering

References for Theme: Mothering

• Bezanson, Kate; Luxton, Meg
• Social Reproduction: Feminist Political Economy Challenges Neo-Liberalism (2006)

  "Social reproduction, when valued by the market, is gendered, often racialized, and poorly remunerated. Where states no longer provided support and where purchasing services on the market was not feasible, the burden of providing additional care and work fell onto families, especially women. In Ontario under the Conservatives (1995-2003), this familializing and individualizing thrust was underlined by a rhetoric about family values and a nostalgic idealization of motherhood and community. As material supports for communities and families were cut, this family ideology blamed families--and mothers in particular--for failing to take responsibility for their members." p. 6

• Boris, Eileen
• "When Work Is Slavery" (1998)

  'At a time when organized feminism concentrated on the Equal Rights Amendment, welfare activists insisted on their right to the resources necessary to mother. They demanded, as a New Jersey activist put it, "help in the areas of emergency food, furniture, moving monies, or help with other normal problems confronting Welfare families, given their inadequate income and circumstances." She exclaimed: "We are not unfit mothers, but neither are we magicians; we do not get adequate monies or supportive services to begin with, in order to have a budget at all."' p. 37

• Caballero, Cecilia; Martínez-Vu, Yvette; Pérez-Torres, Judith; Téllez, Michelle; Vega, Christine
• The Chicana Motherwork Anthology (2019)

• Collins, Patricia Hill
• Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (2002)

• "Black Women and Motherhood" (2005)

• Comerford, Lynn
• "Collins, Patricia Hill" (2010)

• Cowan, Ruth Schwartz
• More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (1983)

• De Beauvoir, Simone
• The Second Sex (2011)

  (p.68) to give birth and to breast-feed are not activities but natural functions; they do not involve a project,which is why the woman finds no motive there to claim a higher meaning for her existence;she passively submits to her biological destiny. Because housework alone is compatible withthe duties of motherhood, she is condemned to domestic labor, which locks her intorepetition and immanence; day after day it repeats itself in identical form from century tocentury; it produces nothing new.

• Dixon, Suzanne
• The Roman Mother (1988)

• Duncan, Simon; Edwards, Rosalind
• Lone Mothers, Paid Work and Gendered Moral Rationalities (1999)

• Dunworth, Felicity
• "Motherhood and history" (2013)

• Fallon, Kathleen Mary
• "How Violence Made a Real Mother-of-a-Mother of Me" (2005)

• Gilman, Charlotte Perkins
• Women and Economics (1900)

  (p.129) Maternal energy is the force through which have come into the world both love and industry. It is through the tireless activity of this desire, the mother’s wish to serve the young, that she began the first of the arts and crafts whereby we live. While the male savage was still a mere hunter and fighter, expressing masculine energy, the katabolic force, along its essential line, expanding, scattering, the female savage worked out in equally natural ways the conserving force of female energy. She gathered together and saved nutrition for the child, as the germ-cell gathers and saves nutrition in...

• Glenn, Evelyn Nakan; Chang, Grace; Forcey, Linda Rennie
• Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency (1994)

• Hill Collins, Patricia
• "The Meaning of Motherhood in Black Culture and Black Mother-Daughter Relationships" (1991)

• Hochschild, Arlie
• "Emotional Life on the Market Frontier" (2011)

• Hochschild, Arlie Russell
• The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (1989)

• Joshi, Heather
• "Sex and Motherhood as Handicaps in the Labour Market" (1991)

• Joshi, Heather; Paci, Pierella; Waldfogel, Jane
• "The Wages of Motherhood: Better or Worse?" (1999)

• Kaplan Daniels, Arlene
• "Invisible Work" (1987)

• Kloepfer, Deborah Kelly
• The Unspeakable Mother: Forbidden Discourse in Jean Rhys and (2018)

• Lake, Marilyn
• "Childbearers as Rights-bearers: Feminist Discourse on the Rights of Aboriginal and Non-aboriginal Mothers in Australia, 1920–50" (1999)

• McClain, Dani
• We Live for the We: The Political Power of Black Motherhood (2019)

• Messer, Jane
• "Reconceptualizing maternal work: Dejours, Ruddick and Lionel Shriver's We Need to Talk About Kevin" (2013)

• "Even Womb Surrogates Think: Rethinking Labour and Maternal Work" (2019)

• Messer, Jane; Brookman, Victoria
• "Reconciliation Dialogues: Kathleen Mary Fallon’s Paydirt, and Narratives of Mothering" (2018)

• O'Reilly, Andrea
• Toni Morrison and Motherhood: A Politics of the Heart (2004)

• Maternal Theory: Essential Readings (2007)

• Encyclopedia of Motherhood (2010)

• O'Reilly, Andrea; Abbey, Sharon
• Mothers and Daughters: Connection, Empowerment, and Transformation (2000)

• Oliver, Kelly
• "Motherhood, Sexuality, and Pregnant Embodiment: Twenty-five Years of Gestation" (2010)

• O’Reilly, Andrea; Ruddick, Sara
• "A Conversation about Maternal Thinking" (2009)

• Pande, Amrita
• "Commercial Surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a Perfect Mother-worker" (2010)

• Ribbens, Jane
• Mothers and Their Children: A Feminist Sociology of Childrearing (1994)

• Robertson, Lindsey G; Anderson, Tamara L; Hall, M Elizabeth Lewis; Kim, Christina Lee
• "Mothers and Mental Labor: A Phenomenological Focus Group Study of Family-Related Thinking Work" (2019)

  (p.185) Sociologists Hochschild and Machung (1989) used invisible work to refer to labor that was not just socially unacknowledged but also literally invisible. Calling attention to the uncompensated commodification and health risks of invisible work that is required of women in hospitality jobs, Hochschild (1983) coined the term emotion work (i.e., affect performance enacted to fulfill job requirements). Hochschild distinguished emotion work from the physical and mental aspects of a job but did not elaborate on the mental aspects. Studying families’ meal preparation, DeVault (1987, 1991) used the terms invisible labor and mental work interchangeably to describe psychological work that precedes grocery shopping or cooking (e.g., meal planning,...

• "Mothers and Mental Labor: A Phenomenological Focus Group Study of Family-Related Thinking Work" (2019)

  (p.187) Mental labor may be experienced, paradoxically, as both empowering and burdensome, and to better understand the role of mental labor in the construction of family life and maternal identity, the phenomenology of mental labor needs to be empirically investigated.

• "Mothers and Mental Labor: A Phenomenological Focus Group Study of Family-Related Thinking Work" (2019)

  (p.196) Philosophically, our definition of family-related mental labor challenges traditional views of family work. In the broadest sense, everyone does mental labor because everyone performs thinking work for those things over which they have responsibility. Many jobs require ownership over projects, tasks, or human welfare, and these jobs involve substantial mental labor (e.g., organization executives, directors of programs, classroom teachers, office managers). The complex mental work embedded in paid jobs is usually compensated and recognized with commensurate job titles (e.g., manager, supervisor, consultant). By contrast, domestic work is generally unlabeled and has often been characterized as mundane, 196 Psychology of Women...

• "Mothers and Mental Labor: A Phenomenological Focus Group Study of Family-Related Thinking Work" (2019)

• Ruddick, Sara
• "Maternal Thinking" (1980)

• "Maternal Thinking as a Feminist Standpoint" (2004)

• "On" Maternal Thinking"" (2009)

• Sandford, Stella
• "What is Maternal Labour?" (2011)

• Senior, Olive
• Working Miracles: Women's Lives in the English-speaking Caribbean (1991)

• Silva, Elizabeth Bortolaia
• Good Enough Mothering?: Feminist Perspectives on Lone Motherhood (2013)

• Teman, Elly
• Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self (2010)

• Woodward, Kathryn
• "Motherhood, Identities, Meanings and Myths" (1997)