References for Theme: Psychiatric Power
- Foucault, Michel
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.107) I do not think that anything in the asylum brings to mind the organization of the familysystem; we think rather of the workshop, school, and barracks. Moreover, itis explicitly the military deployment of individuals that we see appearing[inj the work in the workshop, in agricultural work, and in work at school.For example, in his book of 1840 on Traitement moral, Leuret said that"whenever the weather permits, patients who are in a condition tomarch, and who cannot or do not wish to work, are brought together inthe hospital courtyard and drilled like soldiers. Imitation is such a powerful lever, even on the...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.127) Second, you can see that there is a sort of perfect social microcosm, a sort of little Utopia of general social functioning. The asylum is the reserve army of the farm proletariat; it is all those who, potentially,could work, and who, if they cannot work, wait for the moment when they can, and, if they do not have the ability to work, remain in the asylum vegetating. Then there is the place of productive work, which isrepresented by the farm. Then you have the institution in which those who benefit from the work and the profit are found. And to each of these levels corresponds...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.152) Here again, as a starting point, I think we can take the very subtle, very curious version that Leuret gives of this principle.His patient, M. Dupre, did not want to work on the grounds that he did not believe in the value of money: "Money has no value; there is nothing but counterfeit money" said Dupre,51 since I, Napoleon, am theonly person who has the right to mint coins. Consequently, the money given to him is counterfeit money: It's pointless to work! Now, the problem is precisely that of getting Dupre to understand the need forthis money. One day he is forced to work, but...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.154) Then there is the tactic of setting to work. Work is highly overdeterminedin the asylum system since, on the one hand, it ensures thenecessary order, discipline, regularity, and constant occupation. Thus,very quickly, around the 1830s, work becomes obligatory withmasylums. The Sainte-Anne farm was initially an extension of the Bicetrehospital before taking over from it.39 As Girard de Cailleux said whenhe was the director of the Auxerre hospital: "peeling and preparing vegetables is frequently a highly beneficial occupation in treatment.", 0 Theinteresting thing about this is that this work is not just imposed becauseit is a lactor in order, discipline, and...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.156) Finally, the fourth effect of the organization of asylum deprivation is that by learning deprivation, by learning that to make up for this deprivation he must work, concede certain things, submit to discipline, etcetera, the patient will learn that basically the care given him, the cure that one attempts to obtain for him, are not owed to him; he is obliged to get them through the efforts of obedience to work, discipline, and remunerated production; he will pay with his work for the good that society does him. As Belloc said: " . . . lf society gives the insane the care they need, the latter must relieve...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.213) In other words, it is not so as to provide children with schools, or because of a failure to provide them with schools, that the problem arises of where to put them. The problem of where to put them does not arise in terms of their schooling, of their ability or inability to be educated at school, but in terms of their parents* work.That is to say: what can be done so that the care needed by an idiot child does not make him an obstacle to working parents? What's more, this exactly corresponds to the government's concern at the time that the lawon primary education...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.214) The institutional assimilation of idiots and the mad takes place precisely on the basis of this concern to release parents for possible work.
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.49) Now a completely new type of institution appears in the second halfof the seventeenth century. As an example of this, I will take theGobelins' professional school of design and tapestry, which was organizedin 1667 and gradually improved up until an important regulationof 1737.9 Apprenticeship takes place here in a completely different way.That is to say, the students are first of all divided up according to age,and a certain type of work is given to each age block. This work must bedone in the presence either of teachers or supervisors, and it must beassessed at the same time and together with...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.51) Here again, we could take an example of this from work discipline, from discipline in the workshop. In workers' contracts which were signed, and this was sometimes the case very early on, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the worker typically had to end his work before a given time, or he had to give so many days work to his patron. It he did not finish the work or provide the full number of days, then he had to give either the equivalent of what was lacking, or add on a certain quantity of work or money as amends. So there was, if you like,...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.65) In the Middle Ages, and much more onthe eve of the Reformation, we see the constitution of relatively egalitariancommunal groups which are not governed by the apparatus of sovereigntybut by the apparatus of discipline: a single rule imposed oneveryone in the same way, there being no differences between those onwhom it is applied other than those indicated by the internal hierarchyof the apparatus. Thus, very early on you see the appearance of phenomenalike the mendicant monks, who already represent a kind ofsocial opposition through a new disciplinary schema. You also see religiouscommunities constituted by the laity, like the Brethren of...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.70) Then, at the end of the seventeenth century, and during the eighteenth century, disciplinary apparatuses appear and are established which no longer have a religious basis, which are the transformation of this, but out in the open as it were, without any regular support From the religious side. You see the appearance of disciplinary systems. There is, of course, the army, with quartering to start with, which dates from the second hall of the eighteenth century, the struggle against deserters, that is to say, the use of files and all the techniques of individual identification to prevent people from leaving the army as they entered it, and, finally, in...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.72) Finally, to make possible the accumulation not only of these forces,but equally of time: the time of work, of apprenticeship, of improvement,of the acquisition of knowledge and aptitudes. This is the third aspect ofthe problem posed by the accumulation of men.This triple function, this triple aspect of the techniques of the accu -mulation of men and of the forces of work, is, I think, the reason why thedifferent disciplinary apparatuses were deployed, tried out, developed,and refined. The extension, movement, and migration of the disciplinesfrom their lateral function to the central and general iunction theyexercise from the eighteenth century are linked...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.73) Okay, again very schematically, I think we could say that what gavebirth to the sciences of man was precisely the irruption, the presence, orthe insistence of these tactical problems posed by the need to distributethe forces of work in terms of the needs of the economy that was thendeveloping. Distributing men in terms of these needs no longer entailedtaxonomy, but a tactic, and the name of this tactic is "discipline." Thedisciplines are techniques for the distribution of bodies, individuals,time, and forces of work. It was these disciplines, with precisely thesetactics with the temporal vector they entail, which burst into Westernknowledge...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.75) This means that in a system like this we are never dealing with amass, with a group, or even, to tell the truth, with a multiplicity: we areonly ever dealing with individuals. Even il a collective order is giventhrough a megaphone, addressed to everyone at the same time andobeyed by everyone at the same time, the (act remains that this collective order is only ever addressed to individuals and is only ever receivedby individuals placed alongside each other. All collective phenomena,all the phenomena of multiplicities, are thus completely abolished. And,as Bentham says with satisfaction, in schools there will no longer...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.79) It seems to me that the panoptic mechanism provides the common thread to whatcould be called the power exercised on man as a force of work andknowledge of man as an individual.
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.80) I do not think it is true that the family served as the model for the asylum, school, barracks, or workshop. Actually, it seems to me that nothing in the way the family functions enables us to see any continuitybetween the family and the institutions, the disciplinary apparatuses, I am talking about.
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.81) What meaning would the obligation to work have if individuals were not first of all held within the family's system of sovereignty, within this system of commitmentsand obligations, which means that things like help to other members of the family and the obligation to provide them with food are taken for granted? Fixation on the disciplinary system of work is only achievedinsofar as the sovereignty of the family plays a full role. The first role ofthe family with regard to disciplinary apparatuses (appareils), therefore, is this kind of pinning of individuals to the disciplinary apparatus (appareil).
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
(p.83) At the time when, in the nineteenth century, the European proletariat was being formed, conditions of workand housing, movements of the labor force, and the use of child labor, all made family relationships increasingly fragile and disabled the family structure. In lact, at the beginning ol the nineteenth century, entirebands of children, young people, and transhumant workers were living in dormitories and forming communities, which then immediately disintegrated. There was an increasing number of natural children,foundlings, and infanticides, etcetera. Faced with this immediate consequenceof the constitution of the proletariat, very early on, around1820-1825, there was a major effort to reconstitute the family; employers,philanthropists, and public...
- Psychiatric power: Lectures at the college de france, 1973--1974 (2008)
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